Fourty pediatric patients anesthetized with halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen, who received pancronium for the maintenance of muscular relaxation, were divided into two groups. On anesthesia, in group l, atropine(20ug/kg) and neostigmin(40ug/kg), and in group ll, glycopyrrolate(10ug/kg) and neostigmine(40ug/kg) were injected transvenously. The changes in heart rate and arrythmis were then observed. The results were as follows: 1) The safety and effectiveness of both groups in antagonizing the muscarinic actions of neostigmine were demonstrated. 2) Glycopyrrolate produced a significantly smaller change in heart rate than atropine. 3) In both groups, arrhythmis could not be observed.
Anesthesia ; Atropine* ; Glycopyrrolate* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Neostigmine* ; Relaxation

Percutaneous radial artery cannulation is a very useful method of invasive monitoring in critically ill patients. Although the method is generally safe and simple, it can infrequently lead to tissue necrosis. Recently we experienced this complication in two patients. The first patient was a 52-year-old male who received a craniotomy for removal of a subdural hematoma. Right radial artery cannulation was carried out after a modified Allen's test appeared to be positive. After removal of the cannula on the 9th hour after operation because it was obstructed, his right hand was cool and cyanotic. Despite stellate ganglion block and other supportive therapy, the ischemic changes increasingly worsened. On the 10th day after removal of the cannula, the necrotic change was extended in all fingers of the right hand and he underwent disarticulation of the right wrist. The second patient was a 63-year-old female who received a craniotomy for clipping of a cerebral aneurysm. Left radial artery cannulation was performed without a modified Allen's test. On the 2nd hour after operation, the cannula was removed because the left hand was cyanotic. On Doppler examination, the radial and ulnar arteries were not identified with blood flow. On angiographic finding, the radial artery was occluded almost totally and the ulnar artery was not visualized below the antecubital fossa. After the left stellate ganglion block, thrombectomy and anticoagulant therapy, the ischemia in the left hand was transiently improved, but then became more aggravated and eventually the level of tissue necrosis advanced to the left elbow, therefore amputation above the left elbow joint was performed. Presumptive causes of these tissue necroses were peripheral embolization in the first patient, and inadequate collateral circuation of the ulnar arterial malformation in the second case.
Amputation* ; Catheterization* ; Catheters ; Craniotomy* ; Critical Illness ; Disarticulation ; Elbow ; Elbow Joint ; Extremities* ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Ischemia ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Radial Artery* ; Stellate Ganglion ; Thrombectomy ; Ulnar Artery ; Wrist

PURPOSE: This study is used to investigate and understand types of meaning in life of matriarch. Methods: This study is based on a Q-methodological approach. Thirty nine statements concerning meaning in life were selected. Twenty seven women were chosen as a subject group for this study. Their opinions were shown in 39 statements divided into 9 scales by forced distribution. Results: TypeIwas named "self-transcendental and future- oriented types". In this types a one pursued attitudinal value by religion. Type II was named "Realistic and responsibility fulfilling types". This type pursued creative and experiential value. Type III was named "Encounter and relationship oriented type". This types pursued experiential value. Type IV was named "Realistic self-actualizing type". This types pursued creative value. Type V was named "Altruistic and commitmental types". This type pursued creative, experiential, and attitudinal value. CONCLUSION: Considering the structure of finding the meaning in life of matriarchs, all types had responsibility and self-control in their lives and lived for present however, only typeI lived for the future. It seem necessary to understand each matriarchs meaning in life and nursing needs to develop appropriate nursing interventions based on the type matriarch she is.
Female ; Humans ; Nursing ; Weights and Measures