OBJECTIVES: Previous studies in patients with Tourette's disorder suggested presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction, demonstrating increased dopamine densities. In present study, we investigated dopamine transporter densities using I-123N-(3-iodopropen-2-yl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane(I-123-IPT)-SPECT in drug-naive children with Tourette's disorder and postulated that dopamine transporter density reflected dopamine concentrations. METHODS: Eight drug-naive children with Tourette's disorder and six normal children were included in the with the brain SPECT 2 hours after an intravenous administration of I-123-IPT. Obtained SPECT data were reconstructed for the assessment of specific/nonspecific dopamine transporter binding ratio of basal ganglia and were evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. We investigated correlation between total tic severity of children with Tourette's disorder assessed with YGTSS and specific/nonspecific binding ratio of basal ganglia. RESULTS: Drug-naive children with Tourette's disorder had a significantly greater increase of speciffic/nonspecific dopamine transporter binding ratio of left basal ganglia than normal children. However, no significant differences in specific/nonspecific dopamine transporter binding ratio of right basal ganglia were found between children with Tourette's disorder and normal children. Also, we found no significant correlation between total tic severity of children with Tourette's disorder and specific/ nonspecific binding ratio of basal ganglia. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis of dopamine dysregulation in presynaptic dopamine function of the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of Tourette's disorder.
Administration, Intravenous ; Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Child* ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Humans ; Tics ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon* ; Tourette Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Thrombosis*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Learning*

This study was performed to eatablish the Cephalometric standards and growths change of Korean Teen aged group by McNamara's Analysis. The data from Cephalometric films of 161 male and 205 female subject aged from 10 to 18 years of Normal Korean were used for this study. The following results were obtained; 1. Means, standard deviation from measured values in each age group and sexual values were obtained. 2. Greater measurement showed in male than frmale in Condylion to point A, Condylion to Gnathion, MaxilloMandible differential and ANS to menton in linear measurement of 18 age group. 3. Condylion to point A, Cndylion to gnathion, MaxilloMandible differential and ANS to Menton are increased as the age increased. 4. Facial axis angle and Mandible plane angle of 15 and 18 aged group showed less value than that of 10, 11, 12 age group. 5. There was no significant value changes of Lower incisor to A-Po, SNA angle and Lower pharynx by the increasing of age.
Adolescent* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible ; Pharynx

The purposes of the present study were to describe the vertical and anteroposterior facial dysplasia, and to identify morphologic differences associated with various facial patterns. Anteroposterior dysplasia was classified by traditional Angle's malocclusion classification and according to vertical relationships based on the SN-MP angle, facial pattern was subclassified to 3 vertical groups in each malocclusion group. Each vertical group composed of 20 samples and total 180 samples aged from 9 to 14 years. The results were as follows; 1. The skeletal differences that lead to disportionate lower facial height in vertical and anteroposterior facial dysplasia were closely related to mandibular morphology. 2. Hyperdivergent group, compared with hypodivergent group, demonstrated decrease of SNA and SNB and linguoversion of maxillary and mandibular central incisors in all malocclusion groups. 3. Irrespective of rotation of the jaws, Wits appraisal was a useful measurement in evaluation of relative anteroposterior relationship of maxilla and mandible. 4. As SN-MP angle increased, anterior facial height, especially lower anterior facial height, demonstrated significant increase and intermaxillary space also tended to increase. 5. The correlation coefficients of SN-MP angle and PTFH/ATFH demonstrated the highest value in all malocclusion groups.
Classification ; Incisor ; Jaw ; Malocclusion ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Skeleton*

PURPOSE: Recently, the bispectral index monitor has been promoted as an objective measure of sedation depth during pediatric procedural sedation in the emergency department (ED). However, rectal administration of thiopental sodium for pediatric procedural sedation has not been validated. METHODS: Patients aged one to seven years and undergoing primary closure procedures for simple facial and hand laceration in the ED were enrolled. Procedural sedation was performed by rectal administration of thiopental sodium. The bispectral index score and the Ramsay Sedation Scale were recorded every 10 minutes during sedation. The investigator and treating physician were blinded to bispectral index scores, which were later correlated with the Ramsay Sedation Scales values. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted to determine the ability of the bispectral index score to discriminate various thresholds of sedation depth. RESULTS: One hundred thirty paired measurements were obtained from 12 patients. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for paired measurements, was -0.906 (95% confidence interval: [-9.8] ~ [-8.1], p<0.001). ROC curve analysis demonstrated a high discriminatory power for bi-spectral index scores in predicting the level of sedation, with areas under the curve at least 0.95 for all Ramsay Sedation Scale thresholds. CONCLUSION: Bispectral index monitoring can serve as a useful, objective measure of sedation depth in pediatric procedural sedation with rectal administration of thiopental sodium in the ED.
Administration, Rectal ; Consciousness Monitors* ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Hand ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Research Personnel ; ROC Curve ; Thiopental* ; Weights and Measures

Although severe hemolytic diseases of the newborn triggered by anti-M are very rare, anti-M alloantibodies have been known to be associated with a cause of multipie intrauterine death. Serological and hematological investigations have been reported on a woman who experienced four multiple intrauterine deaths due to anti-M. The mothers blood type was of group A, NN and the husbands cells were of group B, MN. In the serological examination at 9th week's gestation of the fifth pregnancy, anti-M antibodies were identified in her serum. The antibodies comprised IgM saline agglutinin at a titer of 16 at 4 degrees C and IgG agglutinin reacted in an indirect antiglobulin technique at a titer of 4 at 37 degrees C. She underwent high-dose immunoglobulin infusion therapy on a monthly program from 3rd month gestation and a total of 6 times of intravenous immunoglobulin was given. The anti-M titer did not rise during the pregnancy. She delivered a live girl by cesarean section at the 37th week because of a failure of induction. The childs blood type was of group O, MN. The child was discharged and developed normally.
Antibodies ; Cesarean Section ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins* ; Infant, Newborn ; Isoantibodies ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Spouses

PURPOSE: The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is the most common site of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which is increasing in incidence, but the staging and the histologic classification of GI-NHL are still in debate. Furthermore, there is no established optimal treatment modality. Thus, we investigated the clinicohistologic features, the therapeutic modalities, and the prognosis for GI-NHL, as well as the factors affecting it. We also give a review of the literature. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 67 patients who had been diagnosed as having GI-NHL and had been followed up from 1984 to 1999 at Korea University Medical Center Hospital. They were divided into groups according to the site of origin and to various other features, and the survivals of the various groups were compared. The modified Ann Arbor system and the international working formulation (IWF) were adopted for staging and histopathologic classification, respectively. RESULTS: GI-NHL of the stomach, the small bowel, and the colon and rectum occurred in 35 patients (52.2%), 20 patients (29.9%), and 10 patients (14.9%), respectively. In two patients, the entire gastrointestinal tract was diffusely involved. The mean age of patients was 49.7+/-16.2 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 4.2:1. There was an tendency for young and male to have GI-NHL involving the lower gastrointestinal tract. Twenty-three (34.3%) patients was in stage I, 28 (41.8%) in stage II, 7 (10.4%) in stage III, and 9 (13.4%) in stage IV. Eight (11.9%) patients had a low IWF grade, 47 (70.1%) an intermediate grade, and 12 (17.9%) a high grade. The stage and the histologic classification did not vary with the original site. Surgical resection was performed in 50 (74.6%) patients, and chemotherapy was performed in 53 (79.1%) patients. The overall 5-yearsurvival rate of 67 patients was 49.9%, and there was a significant survival difference between the stages (p=0.0023), but not between sites of origin (p=0.9043). The most important factors influencing the survival was the stage; other factors were not significant. CONCLUSION: The stomach was the most common site of GI-NHL. Most GI-NHLs were localized and of intermediate grade. Stage was the most important prognostic factor. However, prospective randomized studies are needed to approve the therapeutic modality.
Academic Medical Centers ; Classification ; Colon ; Drug Therapy ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Male ; Prognosis ; Rectum ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach

No abstract available.
Colon*

PURPOSE: Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a dismal prognostic factor and is frequently encountered during initial exploration in gastric-cancer patients, but there are no effective therapeutic modalities. Thus, we investigated the prognostic factors in gastric-cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and evaluated the usefulness of intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy as a treatment modality in such patients. METHODS: From 1992 to 1997 in Korea University Guro Hospital, 105 patients revealed at initial exploration peritoneal carcinomatosis due to gastric cancer. We excluded two patients who died due to postoperative complications and 10 patients who were lost during follow up. Prognostic factors, including IP che motherapy, were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate methods for the remaining 93 cases. RESULTS: The median survival time of the 93 patients was 7.86 months, and the frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis at initial exploration was 11.6%. On univariate analysis, sex, tumor depth, degree of peritoneal seeding, presence of hepatic metastasis, operative method, and systemic chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors. However, IP chemotherapy was not a significant prognostic factor. On multivariate analysis, only the degree of peritoneal seeding and the presence of hepatic metastasis were significant prognostic factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The most important prognostic factors in peritoneal carcinomatosis in gastric-cancer patients are the degree of peritoneal seeding and the presence of hepatic metastasis. However, operative resection of the primary tumor may prolong survival and improve the quality of life. Thus, a resection is recommended when possible.
Carcinoma* ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Postoperative Complications ; Quality of Life ; Stomach Neoplasms*