This study was to provide firsthand description and analyais of phenomenological data of oingular, subjective, and lived experience of hardiness. Specifically, the objectives of this study were 1) to explore experience of hardiness of patients with chronic disease. 2) to describe the meaning of hardiness as it is lived. 9 patients suffering from chronic disease, such as cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rheumatoid arthritis, were selected for this study. Data were collected from December, 1997 to April, 1998 through depth interview method. Phenomenological method described by Colaizzi was used for the phenomenological analysis of the data. After transcribing the recorded interview, the reoearcher read the data repeatedly to identify oig nificant statements, restated them succinctly, and then formulated meanings, themes, theme clusters, and categories. The formulated meanings are grouped into 5 categories control. commitment, coping, consideration, and appreciation. An exhaustive description of hardiness can be deduced from this study as follows. Patients with hardiness control the way of life and health care, commit themselves to the maintenance of enthusiastic life style and good health, cope with their disease, consider the position of their family and other patients, and thank the Aboolute and neighbors for their help.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Chronic Disease* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Life Style ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Stroke

The innominate artery aneurysm is an uncommon entity. A 36-year-old man was transferred to our hospital because of incidental finding of right superior mediastinal mass. He had a history of blunt chest trauma due to automobile accident 16 years earlier. Computed tomography scanning demonstrated 5-cm sized sacular aneurysm with thrombus at the innominate artery. The prosthetic bifurcated bypass grafting from the ascending aorta to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery was performed under the moderate hypothermic cardioplumonary bypass. We report a successful surgical treatment for a rare case of the innominate artery aneurysm.
Adult ; Aneurysm ; Aorta ; Automobiles ; Brachiocephalic Trunk* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Subclavian Artery ; Thorax ; Thrombosis ; Transplants

We performed this study in order to verify the heart rate decrease caused by the D2-receptor on cardiac sympathetic nerve endings and its relation to the concentration of norepinephrine in synaptic clefts. Sprague-Dawley rats were pithed and the heart rate was increased either by electrical stimulation of the cardiac accelerator nerve or by intravenous infusion of norepinephrine, tyramine, or isoproterenol. Increased heart rate by electrical stimulation of cardiac accelerator nerve was dose-dependently lowered by lisuride and its effect was blocked by pretreatment with sulpiride but not with yohimbine and SCH 23390. Also, the heart rate was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by clonidine and this effect was blocked by pretreatment with yohimbine, but not with sulpiride. For increased heart rate by infusion of norepinephrine, tyramine, or isoproterenol, the heart rate lowering effect of lisuride was more marked in the norepinephrine-and tyramine-infusion groups, in which the intrasynaptic concentration of norepinephrine was elevated, compared to the isoproterenol-infusion group, in which intrasynaptic concentration of norepinephrine was not elevated. In conclusion, there is a D2-receptor on the cardiac sympathetic nerve endings which decreases the heart rate and is different from the presynaptic alpha 2-receptor. Also, the heart rate lowering effect via stimulation of the D2-receptor by lisuride was more marked with increased concentration of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.
Animal ; Female ; Heart/innervation ; Heart Rate/drug effects/*physiology ; Lisuride/pharmacology ; Male ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*physiology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Yohimbine/pharmacology

OBJECTIVES: The molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiomyocyte cell cycle and terminal differentiation in humans remain largely unknown. To determine which cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are important for cardiomyocyte proliferation, we have examined protein levels of cyclins, CDKs and CKIs during normal atrial development in humans. METHODS: Atrial tissues were obtained in the fetus from inevitable abortion and in the adult during surgery. Cyclin and CDK proteins were determined by Western blot analysis. CDK activities were determined by phosphorylation amount using specific substrate. RESULTS: Most cyclins and CDKs were high during the fetal period and their levels decreased at different rates during the adult period. While the protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, CDK4, CDK6 and CDK2 were still detectable in adult atria, the protein levels of cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin B, cdc2 and PCNA were not detectable. Interestingly, p27KIP1 protein increased markedly in the adult period, while p21CIP1 protein in atria was detectable only in the fetal period. While the activities of CDK6, CDK2 and cdc2 decreased markedly, the activity of CDK4 did not change from the fetal period to the adult period. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that marked reduction of protein levels and activities of cyclins and CDKs, and marked induction of p27KIP1 in atria, are associated with the withdrawal of cardiac cell cycle in adult humans.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Animal ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; Comparative Study ; Cyclin A/analysis ; Cyclin B/analysis ; Cyclin D1/analysis ; Cyclin E/analysis ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/analysis* ; Cyclins/analysis* ; Female ; Fetal Development ; Heart Atrium/growth & development* ; Heart Atrium/embryology ; Heart Atrium/cytology* ; Heart Atrium/chemistry ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Myocardium/chemistry* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substances: Cyclin D1 ; Substances: Cyclins ; Substances: Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; Substances: Cyclin E ; Substances: Cyclin B ; Substances: Cyclin A

The purpose of this research was to uncover the expertise of ICU nursing in Korea, and to describe nurses' practice based on the degree of skill acquisition. A total of 18 ICU nurses participated in the study. The data was collected through individual in-depth interviews and it was managed using the NUDIST 4.0 software program. The data was analyzed using interpretive phenomenology suggested by Benner. Four properties of expertise of ICU nursing were identified. These are 1) concern and love toward patients; 2) knowledge; 3) skill, and 4) abilities in interpersonal relationships. And the characterisitcs of four levels of skill acquisition, that is advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert, were described with exemplars. The results of this study might help nurse researchers clarify and elaborate on the concept of expertise in ICU nursing, and enable them to understand how the process of skill acquisition occurs in the ICU setting. They might also help nurse managers establish educational goals for ICU nursing for student or novice nurses.
Humans ; Korea ; Love ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing*