This review article summarizes the current modification methods employed to enhance the osseointegration properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a novel biomaterial. Our analysis highlights that strategies such as surface treatment, surface modification, and the incorporation of bioactive composites can markedly improve the bioactivity of PEEK surfaces, thus facilitating their effective integration with bone tissue. However, to ensure widespread application of PEEK in the medical field, particularly in oral implantology, additional experiments and long-term clinical evaluations are required. Looking ahead, future research should concentrate on developing innovative modification techniques and assessment methodologies to further optimize the performance of PEEK implant materials. The ultimate goal is to provide the clinical setting with even more reliable solutions.
Benzophenones ; Ketones/chemistry* ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Osseointegration ; Humans ; Polymers ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Surface Properties ; Prostheses and Implants ; Dental Implants

Transaminases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino between amino acids and keto acids, playing an important role in the biosynthesis of organic amines and the corresponding derivatives. However, natural enzymes often have low catalytic efficiency against non-natural substrates, which limits their widespread applications. Enzyme engineering serves as an effective approach to improve the catalytic properties and thereby expand the application scope of transaminases. In this study, a high-throughput screening method for transaminases was established based on the fluorescent color reaction between methoxy-2-aminobenzoxime (PMA) and ketones. According to the changes in fluorescence intensity, the concentration changes of ketones could be easily monitored. The efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy of the screening method were improved by optimization of the system. With 4-hydroxy-2-butanone as the substrate, the mutant library of the transaminase from Actinobacteria sp. was established and a mutant with increased activity was successfully obtained, which improved the production efficiency of (R)-3-aminobutanol by enzyme-catalyzed synthesis. This study laid an important foundation for efficient screening, modification, and application of transaminase.
Transaminases/metabolism* ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry* ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods* ; Ketones/metabolism* ; Actinobacteria/enzymology*

The present study prepared a new type of Ginkgo biloba ketone ester(GBE50) preparation from polyethylene glycol and croscarmellose sodium with good biocompatibility and a certain viscosity by fused deposition modeling(FDM)-type 3D printing technique. Firstly, a cylindrical 3D printing model with a diameter of 9.00 mm and a height of 4.50 mm was established. Subsequently, the 3D-GBE50 preparations with three paths(concentric, zigzag, and grid), different layer heights, and different filling gaps were designed and prepared after the optimization of the proportions of excipients. The morphology, size, chemical properties, and dissolution activity of the 3D-GBE50 preparations were fully characterized and investigated. The results showed that 3D-GBE50 preparations had smooth appearance, clear texture, standard friability, good thermal stability, and stable chemical properties. Moreover, the printing path, layer height, and filling gap were directly related to the release rate of 3D-GBE50 preparations. The dissolution of 3D-GBE50 tablets with zigzag printing path was the fastest, while the dissolution rates of 3D-GBE50 tablets with concentric circle and grid-shaped printing paths were slower than that of commercially available G. biloba Ketone Ester Tablets. In addition, the dissolution of 3D-GBE50 tablets was faster with higher layer height and wider filling gap. As revealed by the results, th FDM-type 3D printing technique can flexibly regulate the drug release activity via controlling the printing parameters, providing effective ideas and methods for the pre-paration of personalized pharmaceutical preparations.
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium ; Esters ; Excipients/chemistry* ; Ginkgo biloba ; Ketones ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Tablets/chemistry* ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods*

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a polymer material composed of aromatic rings connected by ether and ketone groups. It has advantages of excellent biocompatibility, stable chemical properties, and appropriate elasticity modulus. Since PEEK are increasingly used in dentistry in recent years, the properties, modification methods, and research advances of them in oral implantology were discussed in this review.
Dental Implants ; Polymers ; Ketones/chemistry* ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Ethers

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in orthopedics because of its excellent mechanical properties, radiolucency, and biocompatibility. However, the bioinertness and poor osteointegration of PEEK have greatly limited its further application. Growing evidence proves that physical factors of implants, including their architecture, surface morphology, stiffness, and mechanical stimulation, matter as much as the composition of their surface chemistry. This review focuses on the multiple strategies for the physical modification of PEEK implants through adjusting their architecture, surface morphology, and stiffness. Many research findings show that transforming the architecture and incorporating reinforcing fillers into PEEK can affect both its mechanical strength and cellular responses. Modified PEEK surfaces at the macro scale and micro/nano scale have positive effects on cell-substrate interactions. More investigations are necessary to reach consensus on the optimal design of PEEK implants and to explore the efficiency of various functional implant surfaces. Soft-tissue integration has been ignored, though evidence shows that physical modifications also improve the adhesion of soft tissue. In the future, ideal PEEK implants should have a desirable topological structure with better surface hydrophilicity and optimum surface chemistry.
Benzophenones ; Ketones/chemistry* ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Polymers/chemistry* ; Surface Properties

In order to confirm the tradition that bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix could not be used as medicine,the content of four chromone components in the cortex and wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC),and the chemical fingerprints were established,12 common peaks were calibrated. The similarity analysis found that the similarity between batches was 0. 115-0. 995,it indicates that the cortex and wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix have certain differences. On this basis,systematic clustering analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were carried out with the content of four chromone components and whether they met the pharmacopoeia criteria as the original variables. The results showed that the content of the four components in the cortex of Saposhnikoviae Radix was much higher than that in the wood,and the four components detected were able to distinguish the cortex and the wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix. The results of the study reveal the tradition that bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix should not be used as medicine dut to decreased quality.
Apiaceae/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Ketones/analysis* ; Plant Roots/chemistry* ; Wood/chemistry*

Lignin degradation products are toxic to microorganisms, which is one of the bottlenecks for fuel ethanol production. We studied the effects of phenolic ketones (4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-acetophenone) derived from lignin degradation on ethanol fermentation of xylose and cellular lipid composition of Pichia stipitis NLP31. Ethanol and the cellular fatty acid of yeast were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results indicate that phenolic ketones negatively affected ethanol fermentation of yeast and the lower molecular weight phenolic ketone compound was more toxic. When the concentration of 4-hydroxyacetophenone was 1.5 g/L, at fermentation of 24 h, the xylose utilization ratio, ethanol yield and ethanol concentration decreased by 42.47%, 5.30% and 9.76 g/L, respectively, compared to the control. When phenolic ketones were in the medium, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA) of yeast cells was improved. When 1.5 g/L of three aforementioned phenolic ketones was added to the fermentation medium, the UFA/SFA ratio of yeast cells increased to 3.03, 3.06 and 3.61, respectively, compared to 2.58 of the control, which increased cell membrane fluidity and instability. Therefore, phenolic ketones can reduce the yeast growth, increase the UFA/SFA ratio of yeast and lower ethanol productivity. Effectively reduce or remove the content of lignin degradation products is the key to improve lignocellulose biorefinery.
Acetophenones ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Ketones ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Pichia ; chemistry ; Xylose ; chemistry

To discover an efficient strategy for the conversion of the antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones into the antitumor activity, the three series of C-3 s-triazole-based derivatives including sulfide ketones (6a-6g), thiosemicarbazones (7a-7g) and fused heterocyclic thiazolotriazoles (8a-8g) were synthesized from ciprofloxacin (1), respectively. The structures were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data. The antitumor activity was tested against three tumor cell lines (Hep-3B, Capan-1 and HL60) using the MTT assay. The three types of compounds all exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activities than ciprofloxacin in the test. The order of their activities was in compounds 7>8>6, and the order of selectivity against cancer cell lines was Capan-1, Hep-3B and HL60. Meanwhile, the SAR revealed that some compounds with electron-drawing group substituted such as fluoro- and nitro-phenyl compounds (6f, 7f, 8f) and (6g, 7g, 8g) displayed more significant activity than the control compounds, especially the IC50 values of thiosemicarbazone compounds 7f and 7g against Capan-1 was comparable to doxorubicin. Thus, a five-membered triazole as the C-3 bioisostere modified with the functionalized side-chain of sulfide-ketone thiosemicarbazone warrants special attention and further investigation.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Ciprofloxacin ; chemistry ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Ketones ; pharmacology ; Sulfides ; pharmacology ; Triazoles ; pharmacology

We previously proposed the processing theory of "reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect" for bran-fried atractylodes, and made a preliminary study. To further verify the science and rationality of the theory, we determined the changes in the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and atractylon in atractylodes after and before being fried with bran, in order to compare the effect of raw and bran-fried atractylodes on the water intake and urination in rats in this study. The effect of raw and bran-fried atractylodes on the content of four gastrointestinal hormones and two neurotransmitters in serum was observed in an attempt to verify the science and rationality the processing theory of "reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect" for bran-fried atractylodes.
Animals ; Atractylodes ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Esters ; chemistry ; Ketones ; chemistry ; Lactones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Male ; Pharmacology ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology

Asymmetric reduction of bulky diaryl ketones is still one of the challenging tasks in biocatalysis. By genomic data mining, a putative carbonyl reductase gene pascr was found in Pichia pastoris GS115. pascr was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli Rosseta2 (DE3). The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity by Ni-NTA column and its catalytic properties were studied. PasCR strictly used NADPH as cofactor, gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the native form of PasCR was a dimmer. PasCR exhibited the highest activity at 35 degrees C in phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. The enzyme catalyzed the reduction of some bulky diaryl ketones, such as 4-methylbenzophenone, 2-methylbenzophenone and 4-chlorobenzophenone, especially for 4-methylbenzophenone, the product S--alcohol was obtained with 85% ee.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Catalysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Ketones ; chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pichia ; enzymology ; genetics ; Stereoisomerism