Primary liver cancer is a major global public health issue and currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The continuous changes in early cancer detection and treatment strategies have improved the overall survival rate of patients. Emerging organoid technologies have had a dramatic impact on cancer research in recent years, and tumor organoids are widely used in basic and translational cancer research. Tumor organoid culture technology will bridge the gap among molecular genetics, biology and clinical treatment. In this review, we discussed the recent different applications of liver organoids in liver cancer biology and clinical translation, involving liver cancer molecular studies, microenvironment and metastasis studies and drug screening trials, in order to provide a reference for clinical practice.

[Objective]To analyze the prescription medication pattern of internal Chinese drugs for palmoplantar pustulosis(PPP)based on data mining method.[Methods]China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,China Science and Technology Journal Database and China Biology Medicine disc(CBMdisc)were searched for literature on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment of PPP from self-establishment date to June 2023,and prescriptions that met the inclusion criteria were screened,standardized and analyzed by drug efficacy categorization,frequency analysis,nature and flavor channel tropism analysis,association rule analysis and entropy clustering analysis for the patterns of drug use.[Results]In the internal treatment of PPP,the most frequently used drugs are"clearing heat and detoxifying""clearing heat and cooling blood""clearing heat and drying dampness";the most frequently used drugs are Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae,Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma;in the analysis of the association of drug use patterns,the top three drugs with high frequency are Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch-Moutan Cortex,Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl.In the analysis of combination pattern rule,Moutan Cortex→Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch,Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl→Lonicerae Japonicae Flos,Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz→Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae with high confidence;28 potential core combinations and 14 new prescriptions were obtained based on entropy clustering formula grouping rule analysis.[Conclusion]The internal treatment of PPP in TCM often focuses on clearing heat and dispelling dampness as the core of treatment,selecting bitter and cold drugs,focusing on the liver and stomach meridians.The use of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch in the prescription,as well as the combination of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Moutan Cortex,Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz,Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl,have great clinical and scientific value.By mining potential and implicit drug formulation patterns in the data,a core combination of dispelling dampness and heat as well as cooling blood and detoxifying can be derived,providing reference for clinical research and prescription medication in the internal treatment of PPP in TCM.