OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of flushing dental handpieces to prevent suction-induced contamination and to lower the bacterial level in dental unit waterlines,and then to analyze the time-effect relationship of flushing.METHODS Twelve BienAir handpieces(group A) and 12 W&H TA-96 handpieces(group B) were employed in this study.The water samples from each handpiece′s outlet were immediately taken once when operations of de-caries,cavity-preparing and dental-drilling had been completed,and then taken once per 0.5 min while the handpieces were being flushed by running without work for 4 min.The bacterial colony formation of these water samples was counted on R2A agar plates.Colony forming units vs flushing time were then compared.RESULTS Alike in groups A and B,water bacterial levels were lowered the most significantly while flushing the handpieces for 0.5 min.BienAir or W&H TA-96 handpieces still showed decreased levels of water bacteria when being flushed for 3 or 2.5 min respectively.Afterwards,the flushing effect reached to a platform,that was,more flushing time didn′t bring the bacterial level down further.CONCLUSIONS Flushing handpieces by running without work can significantly reduce the level of bacterial contamination in the waterlines.Different types of handpieces may have different flushing time at which the most effect is reached.

Objective To provide data evidence for early diagnosis of bone and joint damage derived from brucellosis by analyzing its clinical and imaging characteristics.Methods Patients with brucellosis accepted in Ji'nan Infectious Disease Hospital form December 2013 to December 2014 were selected.Patients with bone and joint damage confirmed through imaging were further studied,their epidemiological and clinical characters,CT and MRI characteristics,treatment and outcome were summarized.Results Total of 97.8％ (45/46) patients had a clear contact history,most of them worked in poultry farming,taking up to 67.4％ (31/46).July to October was its peak time for attacking,taking up to 58.7％ (27/46).The clinical manifestations of patients were joint pain,swelling and activities obstacles.In the CT images,there was obvious bony destruction,characterized by multiple round or large areas of low density insect damage sample spots.There was osteosclerotic bone lesions or osteophyte formatted in edge.The paravertebral soft tissue was swelling,and the vertebral body deformation was not obvious,and there was vertebra small joint damage occasionally.In the MRI images,there was vertebral ligaments damage,or soft tissue damage,or osteoproliferation at the edge of the vertebral bodies.There was abnormal signal T1W1 or T2W1 signal,and FS-T1W1 showed high signal,while FS-T2W1 showed slightly high signal.The diagnosis rate of CT,MRI and CT combined MRI for bone and joint damage derived from brucellosis was 76.1％ (35/46),84.8％ (39/46) and 91.3％ (42/46),respectively.The main therapeutic drugs were doxycycline and rifampicin,and the clinical effective rate was 91.3％ (42/46).Conclusion The epidemiological characters,CT and MRI characteristics of bone and joint damage derived from brucellosis have certain representativeness,and the comprehensive investigation is beneficial for clinical diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of ulinastatin on platelet counts and function after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rabbits. Methods Fifty lung-ear white rabbits aged 5-6 months weighing 2.3-3.0 kg were randomly assigned to one of 5 groups (n = 10 each) : control group (group C) and4 ulinastatin groups (group U~1, U_2,U_3,U_4). The rabbits received ulinastatin 1×10~4, 3×10~4, 5×10~4 and 10×10~4 U/kg before CPB in group U~1, U_2, U_3 and U_4 respectively while equal volume of normal saline was given instead of ulinastatin in group C. All rabbits underwent CPB for 30 min at perfusion flow of 72-120 ml·kg~(-1) ·min~(-1). The rectal temperature was maintained at 36.5-37.5℃. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded and blood platelet count, platelet adhesion rate and platelet membrane glycopretein Gp Ⅰ b, Gp Ⅱ b, Gp Ⅲ a receptors were determined before CPB (baseline), at termination of CPB and at 1, 2 and 3 h after CPB. Results The platelet counts were significantly decreased after CPB in all 5 groups (P< 0.05), but there was no significant difference among the 5 groups. The platelet adhesion rates were significantly decreased after CPB as compared with the baseline value before CPB in all 5 groups but the platelet adhesion rates were significantly higher after CPB in group U_4 than in group C. The number of molecules of Gp Ⅰ b, Gp Ⅱ b and Gp Ⅲ a receptors was significantly decreased after CPB in all 5 groups. The number of molecules of Gp Ⅰ b, Gp Ⅱ b and Gp Ⅲ a receptors after CPB was significantly higher in group U_2, U_3 and U_4 than in group C, and there was no significant difference between group U_3 and U_4 . ConclusionUlinastatin 3×10~4-5×10~4 U/kg administered before CPB can inhibit breakdown of platelet membrane glycoprotein receptors. Ulinastatin 10×10~4 U/kg can preserve the platelet adhesion function.