Objective: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are widely used for diabetes, chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. However, the incidence of volume depletion in patients when pharmacists implement risk-minimization strategies is unknown. Risk factors for volume depletion requiring further treatment have not been investigated in detail. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the occurrence and risk factors of volume depletion in patients taking SGLT2i. Methods: This study included patients 18 years or older using SGLT2i between November 2014 and December 2021. Patients prescribed an SGLT2i at another hospital who were referred to our clinic where their initial SGLT2i prescription was a continuation prescription, patients who were referred to another medical institution during their 52-week follow-up, patients who discontinued their visits to our clinic or unknown reasons were excluded. The pharmacist provided patients with risk management plan literature at their first provision of an SGLT2 inhibitor. The endpoints were the rate of patients on SGLT2i who experienced volume depletion, rate of hospitalization to treat volume depletion, discontinuation rate, and risk factors. Results: SGLT2i caused volume depletion in 12 patients (0.5 %) and hospitalization in 1 patient (0.04 %), 83.3% of them occurred within 3 months after starting treatment. Risk factors for volume depletion were identified as age ≧ 75 years, renal dysfunction with eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, history of chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: This study revealed risk factors associated with SGLT2i-induced volume depletion, but further investigation is required with an increased number of cases.

Introduction: This study evaluated the effectiveness of co-management of the neurosurgery department by general physicians.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. Length of stay, in-hospital mortality, number of transfers to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to emergency medical problems, prescription sharing ratio with neurosurgeon, and impression reported by nurses were evaluated by comparing one year before and after the co-management of the neurosurgery department was initiated.Results: Length of stay (Median 14 days, 14 days), mortality rate (7.58%, 5.75%) and transfer rate for ICU (3.23%, 1.94%) were not significantly different between one year before and one year after, respectively. Subgroup analysis of patients over 70 years of age hospitalized for cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage showed that the number of patients transferred to the ICU due to medical problems associated with internal medicine significantly decreased (P = 0.04). A general physician was responsible for half of the prescriptions. The nurse's report was highly positive.Conclusion: Co-management of the neurosurgery department by general physicians did not have a significant effect on reducing length of stay or mortality rate; however, we found a decrease in the number of patients transferred to the ICU due to medical problems among elderly stroke patients.