Background and Objective: Within a decentralized health system, barangay health workers (BHWs) are often the first point of contact for Filipinos seeking care. Despite their importance, BHWs are neglected in the health value chain. The study seeks to examine the lived experiences of BHWs, particularly their journey in navigating their roles within the community and the health system that encompasses their day-to-day realities, challenges, motivations, and the meanings they derive from their work. Methods: The study draws on seven focus group discussions (FGDs) with BHWs (n=50), residents (n=7), and local government officials and health workers (n=7) of San Miguel, Bulacan. The qualitative data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Findings show that BHWs perform many roles, which are not limited to health and are dependent on orders from their superiors. Guidelines are vague in appointing BHWs, with personal connections valued more than technical qualifications. Their accreditation is hardly conferred any significance. There is also a lack of formal and structured training. The informality of these processes leads to an absence of quality assurance on rendered health services. The non-provision of incentives and benefits stipulated in RA 7883 also places their health and lives at risk. Furthermore, BHW’s commitment to serve is used to excuse the inadequacy of their compensation and excessive workload. Conclusion BHWs take on diverse roles, from community organizers to healthcare providers, and are confronted with significant challenges encompassing politicization, inadequate training, and insufficient compensation. The study concludes with policy recommendations to improve the conditions of the neglected BHWs, with particular attention to coordinating, capacitating, compensating, career pathing, and connecting them to the health system.
community health workers ; universal health care ; Philippines

Background and Objective: In the Philippines, patients are constrained from accessing their own records, restricting their ability to freely choose who to seek care from. To address this, the study makes a case for the development of the health smart card in the Philippines, an integrative tool unique to each citizen carrying their lifetime medical record. Methods: The prototype is developed using no-code programming technology and validated through a series of focus group discussions and stakeholder consultations with patients (n=4), healthcare administrators (n=4), and hospital personnel (n=13). It was then revised based on the collected insights and recommendations. Results: Findings report that the current facility-centric model utilizing paper records constrains patients’ access to their records due to long wait times, slow turnaround periods, constant intra- and inter-hospital transfers, and even charging of fees to acquire a copy of their own data. The health smart card alternative was widely accepted by the participants, particularly for its contribution to increasing data accessibility, patient empowerment, and advancing patient data ownership. Nevertheless, several considerations for the upscale implementation of the health smart card emerged, including creating an interoperable environment through harmonizing standards and capacity-building programs, and ensuring data security through robust cybersecurity measures. Issues on scalability and funding of the project were also raised, centering on the critical role of the government in stepping up as regulator and potential funder. Concerns over potential abuse, dataveillance, and the digital divide are tackled, highlighting the need to account for socioeconomic factors to ensure that no one is left behind in the implementation. Conclusion The study makes a case for the development and adoption of a health smart card to address the inaccessibility of records to patients. The study concludes by recommending the conduct of a pilot implementation to comprehensively demonstrate and analyze the features of the proposed scheme.
health smart card ; patient empowerment ; patient participation ; Philippines

Objectives: Early studies on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy showed varied intensity across countries, which was linked to various factors such as socio-economic conditions, information sources, and issues of trust in government, scientific experts, and the health sector. This study aims to evaluate the determinants of vaccine hesitancy to offer insights into the strategies that may be successful in designing communications campaigns for enhanced vaccination uptake. Methods: Through logistic regression, this study examines correlates of survey data from five Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia (ID), Malaysia (MY), Philippines (PH), Thailand (TH), Vietnam (VN) collected by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Initiative on Digital Economy and Facebook between July 2020 and March 2021. Results: Some significant determinants at the 5% or 1% level of significance of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the countries of interest include gender [ID: 1.17 (1.01, 1.15), MY: 1.35 (1.2,1.53), PH: 1.92 (1.68,2.19), VN: 1.28 (1.04,1.58)], age [MY:1.11 (1.06,1.17), PH: 0.92 (0.88, 0.97), TH: 1.17 (1.11, 1.23)], knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19 [ID: 0.75 (0.65,0.88), MY: 0.82 (0.71,0.95), PH: 0.76 (0.67, 0.87), TH: 0.76 (0.59, 0.99), VN: 0.72 (0.54,0.97)], and perceived effectiveness of mask wearing [ID: 0.83 (0.74, 0.94), MY: 0.86 (0.79, 0.95), TH: 0.88 (0.8,0.98)]. Vaccine hesitancy is particularly strong among women in 3 countries—peaking at 52% in Indonesia, 42% in Malaysia, and 56% in the Philippines. Conclusion Results from the survey highlight the significance of a targeted vaccine education and research campaign. This study calls for streamlining of communications campaigns towards messages that promote vaccine uptake in the region, while better targeting those groups most vulnerable guided by the empirical findings herein.
Asia