Aphasic syndromes from diseases such as stroke and degenerative disorders are still common and disabling neurobehavioral disorders. Diagnosis, management and treatment of these communication disorders are often dependent upon understanding the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie these disorders. Since the work of Broca it has been recognized that the human brain is organized in a modular fashion. Wernicke realized that the types of signs and symptoms displayed by aphasic patients reflect the degradation or disconnection of the modules that comprise this speech-language network. Thus, he was the first to propose a diagrammatic or information processing model of this modular language-speech network. Since he first published this model many new aphasic syndromes have been discovered and this has led to modifications of this model. This paper reviews some of the early (nineteenth century) models and then attempts to develop a more up-to-date and complete model.
Aphasia* ; Automatic Data Processing* ; Brain ; Communication Disorders ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Understanding the mechanisms underlying stroke can aid the development of therapies and improve the final outcome. The purposes of this study were to establish whether there are characteristic mechanistic differences in the frequency, severity, functional outcome, and mortality between left- and right-hemisphere ischemic stroke and, given the velocity differences in the carotid circulation and direct branching of the left common carotid artery from the aorta, whether large-vessel ischemia (including cardioembolism) is more common in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. METHODS: Trial cohorts were combined into a data set of 476 samples. Using Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria, ischemic strokes in a total 317 patients were included in the analysis. Hemorrhagic stroke, stroke of undetermined etiology, cryptogenic stroke, and bilateral ischemic strokes were excluded. Laterality and vascular distribution were correlated with outcomes using a logistic regression model. The etiologies of the large-vessel strokes were atherosclerosis and cardioembolism. RESULTS: The overall event frequency, mortality, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and rate of mechanical thrombectomy interventions differed significantly between the hemispheres. Left-hemispheric strokes (54%) were more common than right-hemispheric strokes (46%; p=0.0073), and had higher admission NIHSS scores (p=0.011), increased mortality (p=0.0339), and higher endovascular intervention rates (p< or =0.0001). ischemic strokes were more frequent in the distribution of the left middle cerebral artery (122 vs. 97; p=0.0003) due to the higher incidence of large-vessel ischemic stroke in this area (p=0.0011). CONCLUSIONS: Left-hemispheric ischemic strokes appear to be more frequent and often have a worse outcome than their right-hemispheric counterparts. The incidence of large-vessel ischemic strokes is higher in the left middle cerebral artery distribution, contributing to these hemispheric differences. The hemispheric differences exhibit a nonsignificant trend when strokes in the middle cerebral artery distribution are excluded from the analysis.
Aorta ; Atherosclerosis ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Chondroitin Sulfates ; Cohort Studies ; Dermatan Sulfate ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Heparitin Sulfate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ischemia ; Logistic Models ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Stroke ; Thrombectomy