{L-End}Objective To understand the influence of job burnout and anxiety symptoms on work ability of biosafety laboratory (BSL) workers in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. {L-End}Methods A total of 5 808 BSL workers in Xinjiang Region were selected as the research subjects using cluster sampling method. The Job Burnout Questionnaire, Anxiety Self-rating Scale and Work Ability Index Questionnaire were used to evaluate their job burnout, anxiety symptoms and work ability. The mediation effect of anxiety symptoms on the relationship between job burnout and work ability was tested by stepwise regression analysis. {L-End}Results The detection rate of job burnout, anxiety symptoms and poor working ability was 83.1% (4 829/5 808), 37.2% (2 160/5 808) and 5.8% (339/5 808), respectively. There was a positive correlation between job burnout and anxiety symptoms score in BSL workers ［correlation coefficient (r) was 0.48, P<0.01］. The score of job burnout and anxiety symptoms was negatively correlated with the work ability score (r were -0.58, -0.51, both P<0.01). The results of mediation effect analysis show that the total effect of job burnout on work ability was -0.31, with the direct effect of -0.15. The mediation effect of anxiety symptoms on the relationship between job burnout and work ability was -0.16, accounting for 51.6% of the total effect. {L-End}Conclusion The detection rates of job burnout and anxiety symptoms among BSL workers in Xinjiang Region are relatively high. Anxiety symptoms show a mediate effect on the relationship between job burnout and work ability. The work ability of BSL workers can be improved by improving job burnout and anxiety symptoms.