Management of pediatric spinal deformities requires an accurate prediction of growth spurts to allow for timely initiation of treatment and prevention of curve progression. Determining remaining growth potential is also important for avoiding prolonged unnecessary treatment, e.g. bracing for patients nearing skeletal maturity. Many clinical and radiological growth parameters have been developed to aid clinicians in growth prediction. Of these, several commonly used measures such as height and arm span growth trends, timing of menarche, and the Risser sign are mostly retrospective and lack strong predictive utility. Bone age assessments, such as digital skeletal age and the distal radius and ulna classification, are more accurate parameters, but further research is required to determine interethnic variations and develop their role in management decisions.
Arm ; Braces ; Classification ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Radius ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine* ; Ulna

Patients who have undergone neck dissection and radiotherapy are at risk of cervical spine infections. Furthermore, previous radiotherapy and cervical spine infections can lead to fistula formation to the subarachnoid space and intracranial infection. This report discusses the serious consequences of a missed cervical spine infection including cerebrospinal fluid fistula formation and persistent central nervous system infection, and serves as a reminder to clinicians of the possible association between cervical spine infections and prior head and neck surgery and radiotherapy. In all such cases, the posterior pharyngeal wall should be inspected during follow-up. Despite the appearance of an intracranial infection, the cervical spine should be investigated, especially if the response to appropriate antibiotics is suboptimal.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Central Nervous System Infections ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Discitis ; Fistula ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Neck ; Neck Dissection ; Radiotherapy* ; Spine ; Subarachnoid Space

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective series. PURPOSE: Assess results of decompression-only surgery for low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis with consideration of instability. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: There is no consensus on whether fusion or decompression-only surgery leads to better outcomes for patients with low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis. Current trends support fusion but many studies are flawed due to over-generalization without consideration of radiological instability and their variable presentations and natural history. METHODS: Patients with surgically treated degenerative spondylolisthesis from 1990-2013 were included. Clinical and radiological instability measures were included. Any residual or recurrence of symptoms, revision surgery performed and functional outcome scores including the numerical global rate of change scale, visual analogue scale, and modified Barthel index were measured. Follow-up periods for patients were divided into short-term (<5 years), mid-term (5-10 years) and long-term (>10 years). RESULTS: A total of 64 patients were recruited. Mechanical low back pain was noted in 48 patients and most (85.4%) had relief of back pain postoperatively. Radiological instability was noted in 4 subjects by flexion-extension radiographs and 12 subjects with prone traction radiographs by increased disc height and reduction of olisthesis and slip angle. From the results of the short-term, mid-term and long-term follow-up, reoperation only occurred within the first 5-year follow-up period. All functional scores improved from preoperative to postoperative 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Decompression-only for low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis has good long-term results despite instability. Further higher-level studies should be performed on this patient group with radiological instability to suggest the superior surgical option.
Back Pain ; Consensus ; Decompression* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Low Back Pain ; Natural History ; Recurrence ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Spondylolisthesis* ; Traction

Cervical spine surgery performed for the correct indications yields good results. However, surgeons need to be mindful of the many possible pitfalls. Complications may occur starting from the anaesthestic procedure and patient positioning to dura exposure and instrumentation. This review examines specific complications related to anterior and posterior cervical spine surgery, discusses their causes and considers methods to prevent or treat them. In general, avoiding complications is best achieved with meticulous preoperative analysis of the pathology, good patient selection for a specific procedure and careful execution of the surgery. Cervical spine surgery is usually effective in treating most pathologies and only a reasonable complication rate exists.
Pathology ; Patient Positioning ; Patient Selection ; Spine*