[Purpose]Acupuncture stimulation is known to improve visual acuity. Since this improvement was frequently disassociated with refractive change, we determined the mechanism by examining the patients without lens accommodation.
[Methods]Patients (n = 30) receiving cataract surgery in 2005 at Meiji University of Oriental Medicine Hospital were examined (mean age: 73.0). Bilateral LI4, Taiyang and shang-jingming points were stimulated by acupuncture needles for 10 min (acupoints stimulation). On a different day, the same patients received sham points stimulation at 1 cm above or lateral from the above-mentioned acupoints. Both uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured with a logMAR scale at pre-and post-acupuncture stimulations. Furthermore, the patients with improved UCVA and BCVA typically (n = 4) received topical tropicamide eyedrops for suppression of pupil diameter change. UCVA and BCVA were measured at pre-and post-acupuncture stimulation.
[Results]Acupoints stimulation significantly improved both UCVA (0.39 to 0.30, p < 0.0006) and BCVA (0.15 to 0.08, p < 0.0001). Although sham points stimulation also significantly improved both UCVA (0.38 to 0.32, p < 0.02) and BCVA (0.14 to 0.09, p < 0.0001), there was no significant difference in comparison with acupoints stimulation controls. Under mydriasis after tropicamide eyedrops, acupuncture stimulation did not improved UCVA, and the variation of BCVA was significantly different from control (p < 0.013).
[Discussion]Acupuncture stimulation improved UCVA and BCVA even in elderly patients that lack accommodation. Our results imply that as pupil diameter changes, a subsequent pinhole effect may be a critical mechanism for UCVA and BCVA improvement by acupuncture stimulation. In addition, the phenomena are not specific effects of acupoints and imply a response via sensory nerves.

Infectious abdominal aortic aneurysm is a relatively rare disease, and there is no consensus regarding its surgical treatment. Medical infectious control should be concerned comparison with surgical treatment if there is sepsis, however we sometimes have no other choice but emergency operation for uncontrollable cases. In many reports, cryopreserved homografts were used as in-situ alternative grafts for infectious aortic aneurysms because they had some merits such as anti-infectious effects, suitability and so on. However the number of in-situ cryopreserved homograft replacement cases are few, and the long term result is unclear. We encountered a ruptured cropreserved homograft case 7 months after urgent in-situ cryopreserved homograft replacement. We report the case and refer to the relevans literature.

An 11-year-old boy, who underwent a Rastelli operation using a 14mm artificial graft and left pulmonary artery (PA) plasty with an autologous pericardium patch 7 years previously, had severe recurrent left pulmonary stenosis. Reoperation was performed including right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and left PA plasty. The PA at the most stenotic site was only 2mm in diameter; it was enlarged to 10mm by good exposure and an incision on the pulmonary intima. A bovine pericardium patch with a handmade ePTFE valve was sutured onto the autologous tissue not onto the pulmonary intima to avoid restenosis and in expectation of the growth of the pulmonary orifice. On postoperative 3-D CT, the left pulmonary artery was patent and 9mm in diameter. Pulmonary scintigraphy showed an improvement in the left pulmonary perfusion. This sutureless technique was useful in this case of severe pulmonary stenosis.

We encountered three cases of infra-renal infected abdominal aortic aneurysm in 2007 and 2008. Preoperative blood culture was positive in two of the three patients. All of the patients presented with fever of unknown origin. We replaced the affected segment of the abdominal aorta with a synthetic graft in 1 patient, and with a cryopreserved arterial homograft in the remaining 2 patients. An infected abdominal aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening condition. Diagnosis is often difficult, and emergency surgery may be necessitated by rupture of the aneurysm. Our experience suggests that computed tomography is effective for the diagnosis of infected aneurysms. The most effective surgical technique consists of complete resection of the aneurysm, in-situ replacement of the affected aortic segment with a synthetic graft or homograft, and omental coverage.

In patients with the visceral fat type obesity, there is a high incidence of glucose and lipid metabolic abnormalities and hypertension. We obtained the following results from a study of the relationship between the degree of visceral fat obesity and metabolic and vascular complications in 98 obese patients with various complications.
1. Viceral fat obesity (V/S ratio ≥ 0.4) was found in 74% of the subjects. The incidence was higher in males than females. The highest incidence was observed in both men and women in thier 40s, and there was no increase with age.
2. The V/S ratio was high in patients with hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and fatty liver in that order. In the V/S ≥ 0.4 group, there was a higher incidence of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease than in the V/S<0.4 group.
3. The V/S ratio was higher in the patients with two or more metabolic and vascular complications than in those with only one complication.
4. A questionnaire survey showed that there were many individuals who did almost no exercise and had a long history of obesity in the V/S ≥ 0.4 group.
5. The V/S ≥ 0.4 group had high triglyceride levels. There was a positive correlation between the V/ S ratio or V value and the trigyceride level, but no correlation between S value and triglyceride level.

This study investigated the effects of exercise intervention with a 12-week slightly-weighted shoe on lower-limb skeletal muscle and gait patterns in the elderly. A total of 29 healthy elderly Japanese who had irregular walking habits were randomly assigned to either slightly-weighted-shoe (WS group, n = 14; Age, 70.6 ± 5.7 years; WS, 493 g) or normal-shoe (NS group, n = 15; Age, 69.3 ± 6.9 years; NS, 293 g) intervention groups. The participants were instructed to maintain their normal daily physical activity (PA) during the intervention period. Segmental intracellular water (ICW) and muscle thickness (MT) were measured as an index of skeletal muscle mass in the lower limb, and kinematic gait data were acquired by motion analysis. Walking stability was assessed as a standard deviation of the vertical fluctuation in whole-body center of mass (COM fluctuation). The daily PA was monitored using an accelerometer and an activity record. ICW in the upper leg and MT of rectus femoris increased significantly in the WS group compared with the NS group (ICW: 13.8% vs. 2.2%, MT: 12.1% vs. 1.3%), while COM fluctuation was significantly reduced in the WS group (p<0.05) during normal walking. The present study demonstrated that interventions with a slightly-weighted-shoe may be able to increase muscle volume in the upper leg and change gait patterns in the healthy elderly.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the feasibility and detection rates and clarify the most effective combination of injected tracer types for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in uterine cervical cancer in patients who have undergone laparoscopic surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS: A total of 119 patients with cervical cancer underwent SLN biopsy at radical hysterectomy using three types of tracers. The various factors related to side-specific detection rate, sensitivity, and false negative (FN) rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The SLN detection rates using 99m-technetium ((99m)Tc)-tin colloid, indigo carmine, and indocyanine green (ICG) were 85.8%, 20.2%, and 61.6%, respectively. The patients with ≥2-cm-diameter tumors and those who received NAC had lower detection rates than those with <2-cm-diameter tumors (75.7% vs. 91.5%, p<0.01) and those who did not receive NAC (67.9% vs. 86.3%, p<0.01), respectively. Laparoscopic procedures had a higher detection rate than laparotomy (100.0% vs. 77.1%, p<0.01). No factors significantly affected the sensitivity; however, the patients with ≥2-cm-diameter tumors (86.0% vs. 1.4%, p<0.01), NAC (19.4% vs. 2.2%, p<0.01), and those who underwent laparotomy (7.4% vs. 0%, p<0.01) had an unfavorable FN rate. CONCLUSION: Among the examined tracers, (99m)Tc had the highest detection of SLN mapping in patients with uterine cervical cancer. Patients with local advanced cervical cancer with/without NAC treatment might be unsuited for SLN mapping. SLN mapping is feasible and results in an excellent detection rate in patients with <2-cm-diameter cervical cancer. Laparoscopic surgery is the best procedure for SLN detection in patients with early-stage disease.
Biopsy ; Colloids* ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Indigo Carmine ; Indocyanine Green* ; Laparoscopy* ; Laparotomy ; Lymph Nodes* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

The purpose of this study was to confirm the causal structure model of muscle, motor and living functions utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) . As subjects, 103 community-dwelling older men and women, aged 65.7±6.9years of age, participated in the study to measure muscle cross-sectional area, maximum voluntary contractions, muscle power, 4 physical performance tests, and 16 questionnaires regarding ability of activities of daily living. The causal structure model of muscle, motor and living functions was hypothesized to be a hierarchical causal structure. The causal structure model of muscle function was hypothesized to be a hierarchical causal structure consisting of 3 sub-domains of muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle power. Data analysis procedures were as follows : a) testing of construct validity of muscle function variables using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in SEM ; b) testing of causal structure using SEM ; c) testing of factor invariance using multi-group analysis for gender. The highest goodness of fit indices was obtained in the causal structure model of muscle, motor and living functions (NFI= .928, CFI= .978, RMSEA =.061) . The causal coefficient of muscle function to motor function was .98 (p<.05), followed by.34 for motor function to living function. From the results of multi-group analysis, the measurement invariance model indicated the highest goodness of fit indices (TLI=.968, CFI .977) . It was concluded that the hierarchical causal relation was among muscle, motor and living functions, and in which muscle function was consisted of 3 sub-domains.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the reliability and validity of a physical fitness questionnaire (PFQ) with self-rating for elderly people applying structural equation modeling (SEM) . As subjects, 105 community-dwelling older men and women aged 67.1±6.1 years participated in the study to measure 13 PFQ items and 13 performance tests. The data analysis procedures were as follows : a) testing reliability of PFQ ; b) testing of construct validity of PFQ using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) ; c) testing of criterion-related validity of PFQ to the performance tests using SEM ; d) testing of correlations of the PFQ to walking ability using SEM. Cronbaeh's alpha coefficient for consistency reliability of the PFQ was .83. Four common factors of muscle strength-power, endurance, coordination, and flexibility were extracted in EFA. The high and enough goodness of fit indices were obtained in the confirmatory factor structure model, and in each sub-domain of criterion-related validity to performance tests and correlation to walking ability models. The criterion-related validity coefficient of muscle strength and power was .77, followed by .66 for endurance, .59 for coordination and .82 for flexibility. The correlation coefficient of muscle strength and power to walking ability was -.51, followed by -.58 for coordination, - .43 for endurance and - . 28 for flexibility. These results indicated that the PFQ consisting of 13 items and 4 sub-domains satisfied reliability and construct validity although criterion related validity to performance tests was insufficient. It was concluded that the PFQ is of useful for physical fitness checking of elderly people.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the causal effect model of strength on walking ability development as a result of exercise participation among elderly people in a community, utilizing the latent curve model (LCM) in structural equation modeling (SEM) . Twenty-six male and 57 female subjects, 83 in total, aged 67.8±5.7, 63.9±7.1 and 65.1±6.9 in a pooled sample participated in the exercise program which lasted for two years. Grip strength and sit-ups used in the Japan Fitness Test were measured for muscular strength, 10-m hurdle walk and 6-min walk for walking ability, and the fitness test score for physical ability. The data analysis procedures were as follows : a) analysis of test-retest reliability and construct validity of measurement items, b) analysis of causal structure model of aging, muscular strength and walking ability, c) analysis of variance for repeated measurement of walking performance by sex, age and year, d) analysis of LCM for walking performance development. The highest goodness-of-fit indices of SEM were obtained in the LCM of 10-m hurdle walk performance development (GFI=0.989, AGFI=0.920, CFI=0.998, RMSEA=0.038) . The path coefficient of sit-ups at pre-test effect on the intercept of 10-m hurdle walk performance development was significant (p<0.05) . The path coefficients of age to intercept and slope of 10-m hurdle walk development were also significant (p<0.05) . It was concluded that walking ability development through participation in exercise age and strength level was more effective for maintaining walking ability in older age.