Recent studies indicate that exercise with a low muscle glycogen state enhances exercise-induced metabolic adaptation. However, it is unclear whether metabolic adaptation is involved with muscle glycogen depletion level. In this study, we investigated the effects of prior muscle glycogen depletion level on metabolic response during acute continuous exercise. Seven men completed two experimental trials consisting of two exercise sessions per day. During the first session, participants performed either intermittent exercise (IE) at VO₂max (the IE-CE trial) or continuous exercise (CE) at lactate threshold (the CE-CE trial). During the second session, participants performed 60 minutes of CE at lactate threshold. During this second session, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was calculated. To determine muscle glycogen content and PGC-1α and PDK-4 mRNA abundance, muscle biopsies were taken at rest after the first session and 2 hours after the second session. After the first session, muscle glycogen content was significantly lower in the IE-CE trial (38.1±5.0 mmol/kg w.w.) than in the CE-CE trial (56.7±10.2 mmol/kg w.w.), P<0.05. FAO was higher in the IE-CE trial than the CE-CE trial at baseline and 15 minutes after the second session (both P<0.05). PGC-1α mRNA abundance increased after exercise (IE-CE, 5.9±2.5; CE-CE, 2.6±1.3-fold; P<0.1). PDK-4 mRNA abundance increased significantly after exercise (IE-CE, 22.2±8.8; CE-CE, 31.5±10.6-fold; P<0.05). PGC-1α and PDK-4 mRNA were not significantly different between the trials. In conclusion, continuous exercise with a slightly muscle glycogen-depleted state induced similar level of PGC-1α and PDK-4 mRNA expression, but attenuated FAO, compared to exercise with a moderate muscle glycogen-depleted state.

The decrease of muscle glycogen may be useful for the improvement of endurance performance. Intense anaerobic exercise requires a high rate of glycogen utilization, but consecutive intense anaerobic exercises induce a pronounced decline of external power and muscle glycogen consumption. We hypothesized that a long rest period between consecutive intense anaerobic exercises may aid in sustaining external power and glycogen consumption. Secondly, we hypothesized that active rest (AR) during the long resting period may be more effective than passive rest (PR).Six subjects performed four 30-second Wingate tests (WAnT) with a 4-minute recovery between each bout (Consecutive method). The subjects also performed a similar exercise procedure, but with a 30-minute seated resting period after the second bout (PR method).The other six male subjects performed four 30-second WAnTs with a 4-minute recovery between each bout, with 30-minutes of cycling at 40% VO₂max after the second bout (AR method). The subjects also performed PR method.The total work during the third and fourth bouts was greatest under the AR condition, followed by the PR condition, and finally the Consecutive method (p<0.05 for all comparisons). Blood lactate concentration during resting period was significantly lower, while muscle glycogen consumption was greater AR method than PR method (p<0.05 for both).A long resting period between consecutive intense anaerobic exercises may prevent the decline in external power and work. Additionally, AR has more favorable effects on muscle glycogen consumption, resulting in very low muscle glycogen levels, even with a small total amount of exercise.

A 58-year-old man underwent aortic root replacement for annuloaortic ectasia (AAE) and aortic regurgitation (AR). The patient was readmitted because of chest discomfort 3 months after the first operation. Computed tomography showed a pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta. Re-aortic root replacement was done on an emergency basis. However, 16 days after the second operation, a pseudoaneurysm was revealed by computed tomography. The third operation was successfully performed using a rif ampicin-bonded gelatin-sealed Dacron graft (GELSEAL^®; Sulzer Vascutek, Glasgow, UK). The postoperative course was uneventful.

　　Introduction: Reimbursement for breathing care services was started with the revision of the nation's medical service fee system in 2010. Our hospital was not properly equipped in the light of certain standards governing facilities. Nonetheless, we started giving instructions to nurses on how to check the respirator at work. In addition to the on-the-job training, we are engaged in educational activity and information gathering. Out team comprises clinical engineers, physical therapists and registered nurses. They are all certified respiratory therapists. We hereby report our activities and refer to future problems.　　Activities: 1. Safety checks of respirators while in use. 2. Respiratory rehabilitation during hemodialysis. 3. Respirator-related workshops. 4. Review of accidents.　　Results: 1. It has become easier to discover potential problems and meet them at once. This is because our team is made up of different specialists, each used to looking at things differently. 2. Being constantly on the alert for any indication of a trouble ensures safety during breathing rehabilitation. 3. The number of accidents during 2012 decreased from 2011.　　Future: We think that since “safety management” is the center piece of our activity, our team ought to be recognized as an official organization of the hospital.

A 39-year-old woman was referred for assessment of abnormality of on a CT scan with a vascular anomaly of the aortic arch. This patient was completely asymptomatic with no concomitant pathologies and no reported prior trauma. Laboratory data for syphilitic or other microbial infections were negative. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiographic computed tomographic scan with 3-dimensional reconstruction. This technique documented the presence of the aneurysm and the left subclavian artery arising from the unique form of aneurysm. Early surgery was preferred because of the young age of the patient and the morphology and the size of the aneurysm (50 mm). Surgery was performed by a left postero-lateral thoracotomy through the forth intercostal space. Femoro-femoral partial cardiopulmonary bypass was used for distal perfusion. An aortic clamp was placed just distal to the left carotid artery, and a second clamp was placed in the descending thoracic aorta. The aortic isthmus was replaced with a 20-mm Dacron graft, and the left subclavian artery was reimplanted to the prosthesis with an 8-mm Dacron graft interposition. This aneurysm was the result of abnormal organogenesis of a primitive aortic arch and the remnant of the dorsal aorta, in other words, Kommerell's diverticulum. Microscopic examination demonstrated severe medial layer atrophy. In the light of the high risk of rupture, which was proved to be present by the very thin aneurysm wall at the time of surgery, we suggest early surgical treatment of idiopathic isthmus aneurysms in young patients regardless of aneurysm diameter.

A 64-year-old man who had chronic aortic dissecting aneurysm with true lumen obstruction of the abdominal aorta was referred to our hospital for surgery. He underwent total aortic arch replacement with the elephant trunk technique using an aortofemoral artery bypass as a first-stage operation. Reconstruction of the thoracic aortic descending aneurysm using the previous elephant trunk graft in a second-stage operation was feasible. His perioperative course was uneventful and he had no neurologic complications.

We report a 66-year-old woman with circulatory collapse due to acute pulmonary thromboembolism, in whom a left nephrectomy for a renal tumor was scheduled. Following preoperative renal angiography. The patient suffered sudden shock resulting from pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) following release of compression of the puncture site. The patient was transported to the ICU, and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) was instituted immediately for resuscitation. Hemodynamics were stabilized by PCPS and percutaneous thrombectomy was attempted. However, perforation by a catheter inverted to the extracardiac space occurred, which neccesitated emergency surgical hemostasis. PCPS was converted to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The injured right ventricle and right atrial walls were repaired, and pulmonary thrombectomy was performed via the pulmonary trunk. CPB was easily terminated and her postoperative course was uneventful with anticoagulant therapy. Left nephrectomy was performed two months later. PTE recurred due to the interruption of anticoagulation for surgical treatment of a renal tumor. Percutaneous pulmonary thrombectomy and thrombolysis therapy were effective and a Greenfield filter was inserted into the inferior vena cava to prevent recurrence.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 54 hands of 40 girls with AIS who visited Nara Medical University Hospital from 2000 to 2015 using previously collected radiographs. The examiners included a spine surgeon and a pediatric orthopedic surgeon, each with over 10 years of experience. The reliability of the DRU and sTW3 was evaluated using the kappa coefficient. Results: The left-hand radiographs of 40 female patients with AIS (mean age, 13.9±1.7 years; N=54 hands) were evaluated by two blinded examiners using the sTW3 and DRU methods. The highest inter-observer and intra-observer reliabilities (kappa, 0.64 and 0.62, respectively) for radius evaluation were determined. Radius evaluation by the DRU showed the highest agreement rate and smallest error between the inter- and intra-observer examinations. Conclusions The DRU was the most reliable assessment tool, and it has the potential to be useful for precisely determining the stage of skeletal maturity in outpatient clinics.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term exercise training on immune function in elderly individuals. This study was conducted on 27 sedentary subjects including 7 males and 20 females aged 66.1±4.2 yrs. (range of 60 to 77 yrs.) who participated in a 12-month exercise program. The subjects attended the exercise program 4.4 ± 1.7 times per month. Peripheral blood samples were taken prior to, and at 5 and 12 months during the exercise training program. Each lymphocyte subset (natural killer: NE, T, cytotoxic T: Tc, helper T: Th, memory-Th and NKT) count in the samples was measured using flow cytometry. Results indicated that NE and Tc cell counts were not significantly altered. Whereas, T and Th cell counts were significantly elevated after 12 months, and memory-Th and NET cell counts were significantly elevated after 5 and 12 months of exercise training. These results suggest that long-term exercise training may be a stimu lus to increase and or maintain immune function in elderly individuals.