A study was conducted to assess gender differences of body fat distribution (i. e., total body fat mass, subcutaneous fat mass, and internal fat mass) in a homogeneous group of Japanese children. Body composition was estimated in 141 boys and 139 girls (aged 3-6 yr) using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) . All subjects were apparently healthy. Determinations of impedance were made using a four-terminal impedance analyzer (TP-95 K, Toyo Physical, Inc., Fukuoka) . The lean body mass (LBM) was calculated using the equation of Kushuner et al. (1992) and Goran et al. (1993) . Total body fat mass (TFM) was calculated as the difference between body weight and LBM. The subcutaneous fat mass (SFM) was calculated using a modification of the equation derived by Skerjl et al. (1953) . The internal fat mass (IFM) was calculated as the difference between TFM and SFM. From ages 3 through 6 years, the mean LBM increased with age in boys and girls, but showed no significant gender differences. There were also no obvious gender differences in TFM and IFM within the same age range. Percentage body fat decreased in both sexes until the age of approximately 5-yr, and then increased again slightly at 6 yr, although it showed no significant differences between the sexes. The gender-specific pattern of fat accumulation during childhood was characterized by an almost steady increase of SFM in girls. These differences were independent of gender differences in physical characteristics.

Prompt and accurate diagnosis of malarial patients is a crucial factor in controlling the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Effective treatment decisions require a correct diagnosis among mixed-species malarial patients. Differential diagnosis is particularly important in cases of Plasmodium vivax, a species that shares endemicity with P. falciparum in most endemic areas. Moreover, it is difficult to identify P. knowlesi on the basis of morphology alone, and rapid diagnostic tests are still not available for this malaria species. Therefore, the development of diagnostic tests applicable to the field is urgently needed. 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (1-Cys-Prx) in P. falciparum is abundantly expressed in the mature asexual stages, making it a promising candidate as a diagnostic antigen. In this study, we produced five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against P. falciparum 1-Cys-Prx (Pf1-Cys-Prx) by immunizing BALB/c mice with recombinant Pf1-Cys-Prx and subsequent hybridoma production. Cross reactivity of established mAbs with the orthologous molecule of Pf1-Cys-Prx in P. vivax (Pv1-Cys-Prx) and P. knowlesi (Pk1-Cys-Prx) was examined. Western blot analyses showed that three mAbs reacted with Pv1-Cys-Prx and Pk1-Cys-Prx but two mAbs did not. These results indicate that the two mAbs were effective in differentiating P. falciparum from P. vivax and P. knowlesi and could be used in differential diagnosis as well as comparative molecular studies of human Plasmodium species.

STUDY DESIGN: Case control study. PURPOSE: To identify the most significant laboratory marker for early detection of surgical site infection (SSI) using multiple logistic regression analysis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: SSI is a serious complication of spinal instrumentation surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the laboratory data of patients who underwent posterior lumbar instrumentation surgery for degenerative spinal disease from January 2003 to December 2014. Six laboratory markers for early SSI detection were considered: renewed elevation of the white blood cell count, higher at 7 than 4 days postoperatively; renewed elevation of the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, higher at 7 than 4 days postoperatively; CRP level of >10 mg/dL at 4 days postoperatively; neutrophil percentage of >75% at 4 days postoperatively; lymphocyte percentage of <10% at 4 days postoperatively; and lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Ninety patients were enrolled; five developed deep SSI. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively was the sole significant independent laboratory marker for early detection of SSI (p=0.037; odds ratio, 11.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–122.7). CONCLUSIONS: A lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively is the most significant laboratory marker for early detection of SSI.
Biomarkers* ; C-Reactive Protein ; Case-Control Studies ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Logistic Models ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphopenia* ; Neutrophils ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Diseases ; Surgical Wound Infection*

STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. PURPOSE: To identify the characteristics of candidate indexes for early detection of surgical site infection (SSI). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: SSI is a serious complication of spinal instrumentation surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the welfare of the patient postoperation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed laboratory data of patients who underwent posterior lumbar instrumentation surgery for degenerative spine disease. The sensitivity and specificity of six laboratory markers for early detection of SSI were calculated: greater elevation of the white blood cell count at day 7 than at day 4 postoperatively, greater elevation of the C-reactive protein (CRP) level at day 7 than at day 4 postoperatively, a CRP level of >10 mg/dL at 4 days postoperatively, neutrophil percentage of >75% at 4 days postoperatively, a lymphocyte percentage of <10% at 4 days postoperatively, and a lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively. Statistical analysis was via Fisher's exact test and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In total, 85 patients were enrolled. Of these, five patients developed deep SSI. The sensitivity and specificity of each index were as follows: index 1, 20.0% and 77.5%; index 2, 20.0% and 83.8%; index 3, 40.0% and 97.5%; index 4, 40.0% and 86.3%; index 5, 0% and 96.3%; and index 6, 80.0% and 80.0%. A significant difference was noted for indexes 3 and 6. CONCLUSIONS: A CRP level of >10 mg/dL at 4 days postoperatively would be useful for definitive diagnosis of SSI, and a lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively would be a useful screening test for SSI. Although laboratory markers for early detection of SSI have been frequently reported, we believe that it is important to understand the characteristics of each index for a precise diagnosis.
Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein* ; Case-Control Studies ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphopenia* ; Mass Screening ; Neutrophils ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spine

STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. PURPOSE: To identify the characteristics of candidate indexes for early detection of surgical site infection (SSI). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: SSI is a serious complication of spinal instrumentation surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the welfare of the patient postoperation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed laboratory data of patients who underwent posterior lumbar instrumentation surgery for degenerative spine disease. The sensitivity and specificity of six laboratory markers for early detection of SSI were calculated: greater elevation of the white blood cell count at day 7 than at day 4 postoperatively, greater elevation of the C-reactive protein (CRP) level at day 7 than at day 4 postoperatively, a CRP level of >10 mg/dL at 4 days postoperatively, neutrophil percentage of >75% at 4 days postoperatively, a lymphocyte percentage of <10% at 4 days postoperatively, and a lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively. Statistical analysis was via Fisher's exact test and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In total, 85 patients were enrolled. Of these, five patients developed deep SSI. The sensitivity and specificity of each index were as follows: index 1, 20.0% and 77.5%; index 2, 20.0% and 83.8%; index 3, 40.0% and 97.5%; index 4, 40.0% and 86.3%; index 5, 0% and 96.3%; and index 6, 80.0% and 80.0%. A significant difference was noted for indexes 3 and 6. CONCLUSIONS: A CRP level of >10 mg/dL at 4 days postoperatively would be useful for definitive diagnosis of SSI, and a lymphocyte count of <1,000/µL at 4 days postoperatively would be a useful screening test for SSI. Although laboratory markers for early detection of SSI have been frequently reported, we believe that it is important to understand the characteristics of each index for a precise diagnosis.
Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein* ; Case-Control Studies ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphopenia* ; Mass Screening ; Neutrophils ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spine

Background: Recent animal studies have suggested the role of GABA type A (GABA- A ) receptors in salivation, showing that GABA- A receptor agonists inhibit salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol (a GABA- A agonist) on salivary secretions from the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands during intravenous sedation in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers participated in the study. They received a loading dose of propofol 6 mg/kg/h for 10 min, followed by 3 mg/kg/h for 15 min. Salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands were measured before, during, and after propofol infusion, and amylase activity was measured in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands. Results: We found that the salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands significantly decreased during intravenous sedation with propofol (P < 0.01). Similarly, amylase activity in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion It can be concluded that intravenous sedation with propofol decreases salivary secretion in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands via the GABA- A receptor. These results may be useful for dental treatment when desalivation is necessary.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 54 hands of 40 girls with AIS who visited Nara Medical University Hospital from 2000 to 2015 using previously collected radiographs. The examiners included a spine surgeon and a pediatric orthopedic surgeon, each with over 10 years of experience. The reliability of the DRU and sTW3 was evaluated using the kappa coefficient. Results: The left-hand radiographs of 40 female patients with AIS (mean age, 13.9±1.7 years; N=54 hands) were evaluated by two blinded examiners using the sTW3 and DRU methods. The highest inter-observer and intra-observer reliabilities (kappa, 0.64 and 0.62, respectively) for radius evaluation were determined. Radius evaluation by the DRU showed the highest agreement rate and smallest error between the inter- and intra-observer examinations. Conclusions The DRU was the most reliable assessment tool, and it has the potential to be useful for precisely determining the stage of skeletal maturity in outpatient clinics.

A 92 year-old-female with melena was admitted to our hospital. She underwent Y-graft replacement of the abdominal aorta at the age of 65. Gastroduodenal fiberscopic examination and computed tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of aortoduodenal fistula. The fistula in the proximal anastomotic site was occluded with a suture ligature and omentopexy was performed. On the 15th post-operative day she developed high-grade fever. CT revealed a pseudoaneurysm formation at the proximal anastomosis site. She underwent emergency endovascular aneurysmal repair (EVAR). Her postoperative course was uneventful. She is doing well without symptoms of recurrent infection.

A 55-year-old man was brought to our hospital with a knife penetrating his left anterior chest wall following a suicide attempt. Massive left hemothorax was identified on echocardiography ; however, there was no evidence of cardiac tamponade. After draining blood from the left thorax, computed tomography (CT) revealed that the tip of the knife had penetrated the left lung and reached the left pulmonary vein. In preparation for cardiopulmonary bypass, an emergency thoracotomy was scheduled with a plan to access the left lung and left pulmonary vein. The patient was transferred to the operating room, and the procedure was started with the patient in the supine position. During dissection of the femoral vessels, the patient suddenly developed hypotension. After surgical access to the heart was achieved via median sternotomy, a pericardiotomy was performed and cardiopulmonary bypass was established. A 50-mm stab wound was identified at the lateral wall of the left ventricle. The knife was removed, and the left ventricular wound was repaired. The lingular segment of the left lung was partially resected. The patient had no postoperative complications and was transferred to the referral hospital on postoperative day 25. This case report emphasizes the importance of taking appropriate measures for thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with penetrating thoracic trauma with massive hemothorax, even in the absence of cardiac tamponade on imaging. We were able to successfully manage a life-threatening condition by taking appropriate measures.