A program for teaching basic clinical skills to fifth-year medical students was started at Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University in 1999. The five units of basic clinical skills included: 1) medical interviewing, 2) general physical examination, 3) chest examination, 4) abdominal examination, and 5) neurologic examination. The educational strategies and evaluations in each unit consisted of: 1) lectures, 2) videotape demonstrations, 3) role-playing in small groups, 4) practice on patients in small groups, 5) written examinations, and 6) objective structured clinical examinations. The students evaluated each session of the program with a five-grade rating scale and comments. Small-group sessions (role play and practice on patients) and objective structured clinical examinations received the highest scores, followed by videotape demonstrations. Lectures received significantly lower scores than did other parts of the program. In addition, most students recommended standardization of educational content, increased practice time, and fewer lectures. We conclude that evaluation by students is essential for improving programs for teaching basic clinical skills.

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is identified as one of the most important causes of cognitive disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury. Radiologic recognition of DAI can help in understanding the clinical syndrome and in making treatment decisions. However, CT and conventional MRI are often normal or demonstrate lesions that are poorly related to the cognitive disorders present. Recently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tractography (FT) have been shown to be useful in detecting various types of white matter damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using DTI and FT to detect lesions in DAI patients, and to correlate these DAI lesions with the patients' cognitive disorders. We investigated 9 normal volunteers and 9 patients with DAI. The DAI patients had impaired intelligence, as well as attention, memory and executive function disorders that restricted their activities of daily living. In the DAI patients, DTI showed abnormal brain areas in the corpus callosum, fornix, frontal and parietal lobe white matter, and FT revealed interruptions of the white matter fibers in the corpus callosum and the fornix when compared with the normal volunteers, while no lesions were found on conventional MRI. DTI and FT can directly visualize DAI lesions, which cannot be reliably detected by conventional methods. Accordingly, both DTI and FT may be useful techniques for the evaluation of DAI, and may have the potential to be applied to planning rehabilitation therapy, and predicting the neurologic prognosis in DAI patients with cognitive disorders.

This study examined and improved the quality of inter-professional moral case deliberation (MCD) in a home-based medical care clinic by altering the MCD process and evaluating it using the REFLECT rubric. After altering the MCD process, four of the five main evaluation items in the questionnaire were shifted to a higher evaluation level employing a scaled evaluation. The free-entry field revealed future tasks. This report suggested that improving the quality and assessment of MCD using REFLECT promotes the reflection skills of clinical teams.

Introduction : This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the presence of someone to care for and the subjective QOL (quality of life) of local elderly people.
Methods : Data for 7,728 residents aged 65 and above was obtained from the everyday life sphere needs survey implemented by the government of Nanto City, Toyama Prefecture, between May to July, 2014. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between two sets of variables : first, the presence (or absence) of “something to live for”, “sense of fulfillment”, and “self-esteem” as indicators of the respondents'subjective QOL ; and second, a set of explanatory variables (common to all models) including the presence of someone to care for, indicators of the personal attributes, health, and life style of the respondents.
Results : The presence of someone to care for was positively related to the presence of “something to live for,” “sense of fulfillment,” and “self-esteem,” which were indicators of subjective QOL, even after several indicators of personal attributes, health, and life style were accounted for.
Conclusion : Promoting mutual help in local areas has a positive significance for those elderly who take care of others, as well as for those who accept care. The results also suggest the social importance of being the recipient of care in the elderly.

Background: Urosepsis is a potentially fatal syndrome that is sometimes difficult to diagnose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the clinical and laboratory characteristics and pitfalls in the diagnosis of urosepsis.
Methods: We enrolled the study participants based on clinical records of patients with urosepsis treated between January 2009 and April 2012 inclusive, in the Department of General Internal Medicine, Toyama University Hospital and retrospectively surveyed underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory data, respectively.
Results: Ten definitive patients were selected (nine females and one male; age, 55–86 years). Fever was the most frequent symptom followed by nausea. Lower back pain was the chief complaint in only two patients. One patient complained of dysuria, and on examination half of the patients lacked costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. Five patients showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of hyperbilirubinemia.
Conclusions: There were no specific clinical characteristics of urosepsis, and symptoms in some patients resembled digestive diseases such as cholangitis. Our results demonstrate that use of dipstick urinalysis and microscopic urinalysis are essential for the diagnosis in patients with sepsis. Abdominal ultrasonography and/or computed tomography should also be considered to rule out false negative results of urinalysis related to urinary tract obstruction, and to detect other focal infections when appropriate.

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study is to assess preserved umbilical cords as chemical exposure media to investigatein utero chemical exposure. Furthermore, we aim to apply preserved umbilical cords to retrospective studies of the relationship betweenin utero chemical exposure and neurodevelopment disorders.

METHODSTwo sets of preserved umbilical cord samples were analyzed for exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): one composed of samples from 20 healthy Japanese subjects and the other set included samples from 17 autistic patients and 7 healthy sibling of theirs.

RESULTSThe possibility of external PCBs contamination during storage of preserved umbilical cord samples was found, and due to this problem, the study design should be limited to the comparison between PCBs concentration in preserved cord samples from autistic patients and that in those from their sibling. Total PCBs concentrations in preserved cords from autistic patients and their control siblings were compared and we found no statistically significant difference between them (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe association between autism andin utero PCBs exposure was not clarified in this study; however, retrospective studies such as a case-control study of siblings using preserved umbilical cords can be a method of choice for examining the possible relationship betweenin utero chemical exposure and child hood disorders.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that ketamine, when administered as the anesthetic induction agent, may prevent cardiovascular depression during high-dose remifentanil administration, unlike propofol. To test our hypothesis, we retrospectively compared the hemodynamic effects of ketamine, during high-dose remifentanil administration, with those of propofol. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients who underwent oral surgery at the Nagasaki University Hospital between April 2014 and June 2015 were included in this study. Anesthesia was induced by the following procedure: First, high-dose remifentanil (0.3-0.5 µg/kg/min) was administered 2-3 min before anesthesia induction; next, the anesthetic induction agent, either propofol (Group P) or ketamine (Group K), was administered. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the heart rate were recorded by the automated anesthesia recording system at four time points: immediately before the administration of high-dose remifentanil (T1); immediately before the administration of propofol or ketamine (T2); 2.5 min (T3), and 5 min (T4) after the administration of the anesthetic induction agent. RESULTS: In Group P, the MAP at T3 (75.7 ± 15.5 mmHg, P = 0.0015) and T4 (68.3 ± 12.5 mmHg, P < 0.001) were significantly lower than those at T1 (94.0 ± 12.4 mmHg). However, the MAP values in the K group were very similar (P = 0.133) at all time points. The heart rates in both Groups P (P = 0.254) and K (P = 0.859) remained unchanged over time. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that ketamine, when administered as the anesthetic induction agent during high-dose remifentanil administration, prevents cardiovascular depression.
Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Depression ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Ketamine* ; Propofol* ; Retrospective Studies* ; Surgery, Oral

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that ketamine, when administered as the anesthetic induction agent, may prevent cardiovascular depression during high-dose remifentanil administration, unlike propofol. To test our hypothesis, we retrospectively compared the hemodynamic effects of ketamine, during high-dose remifentanil administration, with those of propofol. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients who underwent oral surgery at the Nagasaki University Hospital between April 2014 and June 2015 were included in this study. Anesthesia was induced by the following procedure: First, high-dose remifentanil (0.3-0.5 µg/kg/min) was administered 2-3 min before anesthesia induction; next, the anesthetic induction agent, either propofol (Group P) or ketamine (Group K), was administered. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the heart rate were recorded by the automated anesthesia recording system at four time points: immediately before the administration of high-dose remifentanil (T1); immediately before the administration of propofol or ketamine (T2); 2.5 min (T3), and 5 min (T4) after the administration of the anesthetic induction agent. RESULTS: In Group P, the MAP at T3 (75.7 ± 15.5 mmHg, P = 0.0015) and T4 (68.3 ± 12.5 mmHg, P < 0.001) were significantly lower than those at T1 (94.0 ± 12.4 mmHg). However, the MAP values in the K group were very similar (P = 0.133) at all time points. The heart rates in both Groups P (P = 0.254) and K (P = 0.859) remained unchanged over time. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that ketamine, when administered as the anesthetic induction agent during high-dose remifentanil administration, prevents cardiovascular depression.
Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Depression ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Ketamine* ; Propofol* ; Retrospective Studies* ; Surgery, Oral

Since hand deformities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are relatively not very painful, the worsening of the deformities often goes unnoticed and the functional impairment progresses irreversibly. Herein, we report a case of boutonnière deformity of the left middle and ring fingers treated with rehabilitation since an early stage. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital due to joint pain in the fingers and feet, following which a diagnosis of RA as made；however, she could not be administered methotrexate due to complications. PIP joint deformity of the left middle and ring fingers developed later. The middle finger was in -50-degree extension and difficult to correct passively, while the ring finger was in -35-degree extension and correctable. Surgery for the left middle finger was proposed based on the diagnosis of boutonnière deformity；however, consent was not obtained. After a steroid injection in the painful middle finger, she was managed using a Capener splint and ROM exercises with finger stretching. The symptoms improved five months following the rehabilitation intervention. Nalebuff et al. classified the severity of the boutonnière deformity based on the limited PIP joint extension and recommended treatment accordingly. In this case, surgical treatment was believed to be required；however, since the patient refused surgery, conservative treatment was chosen. Although the extension was severe, there was little joint destruction, due to which the symptoms improved with early and active intervention. Orthotic treatment and occupational therapy were effective in improving ADL.

Since hand deformities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are relatively not very painful, the worsening of the deformities often goes unnoticed and the functional impairment progresses irreversibly. Herein, we report a case of boutonnière deformity of the left middle and ring fingers treated with rehabilitation since an early stage. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital due to joint pain in the fingers and feet, following which a diagnosis of RA as made；however, she could not be administered methotrexate due to complications. PIP joint deformity of the left middle and ring fingers developed later. The middle finger was in -50-degree extension and difficult to correct passively, while the ring finger was in -35-degree extension and correctable. Surgery for the left middle finger was proposed based on the diagnosis of boutonnière deformity；however, consent was not obtained. After a steroid injection in the painful middle finger, she was managed using a Capener splint and ROM exercises with finger stretching. The symptoms improved five months following the rehabilitation intervention. Nalebuff et al. classified the severity of the boutonnière deformity based on the limited PIP joint extension and recommended treatment accordingly. In this case, surgical treatment was believed to be required；however, since the patient refused surgery, conservative treatment was chosen. Although the extension was severe, there was little joint destruction, due to which the symptoms improved with early and active intervention. Orthotic treatment and occupational therapy were effective in improving ADL.