Tunneling nanotubes(TNT) are cellular communication and transport mechanism discovered recently. TNTs play important role in immunological response and viral spread, also may involve embryonic development, regulation of gene expression and carcinogenesis. However, it was not easy to study TNT for clinical samples since intricate assay method for TNT. We suggested using histochemical assay PAS staining in cell drip to show TNT in leukemia and lymphoma samples.

Objective:To determine the effect of total parenteral nutrition(TPN) supplemented with glutamine(Gln) on the concentration of plasma lipopolysaccharide(LPS)of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) patients.Methods:40 MODS patients in the ICU were randomly divided into routine group(Group A,n=20),the Gln+TPN treatment Group (Group B,n=20).The two groups of patients received treatment of parenteral nutrition with equal nitrogen and equal calorie.Group A were given routine TPN,and Group B were given routine TPN and Gln 0.27 g/(kg?d)[i.e.dipeptiven 0.4 g/(kg?d)] for seven days.The concentration of plasma Gln and LPS were checked before the treatment of TPN and on the first,the third and the seventh day after the treatment of TPN.At the same time 20 healthy blood donators were chosen as the healthy control group(Group C).Results:Before treatment the concentration of plasma Gln of the two patient groups were both lower than that of Group C(P0.05).On the first,the third and the seventh day of the treatment of TPN,the concentration of plasma Gln of Group A was lower than that of Group B(P0.05).After the treatment of Gln plus TPN,the concentration of plasma LPS of Group B was lower than that of Group A(P0.05).Conclusion:The Gln(dipeptiven) can help to decrease the concentration of plasma LPS and the TPN treatment time of the MODS patients.

The disturbance of life rhythm exerts negative influence on modem life.The relationship between the disruption of circadian rhythms and tumor growth has attracted much attention.It has been studied in breast cancer and prostate cancer,and chronotherapeutics has been used for treatment of some cancers in clinic.Researchers have begun to investigate the association of circadian rhythms with leukemia/lymphoma outside China.The literatures were reviewed and the launch of research on this field was appealed.

Viral etiology of tumor has been studied for a century.Seven human tumor viruses were identified over the past half century.The complexity and regularity of the pathogenic mechanisms of human tumor viruses have been elucidated preliminarily.Human genome sequencing indicated that 8 ％ of human genes were composed of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).Owing to the findings that adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) can cause human adult T-cell leukemia and animal exogenous and HERVs can induce tumors and malignant diseases,the relationship between HERVs and human tumors has attracted much attention receutly.Here this article discusses the association of the expression of HERVs with leukemia and solid tumors progression,which may be an important aspect of tumor virology.

As novel organisms,tumors undergo microevolution in limited time and space in vivo.Due to genetic mutations and epigenetic mechanisms,tumor cell clones undergo linear or branching evolution.In most clinic patients,tumors develop through branching evolution pathways,causing tumor heterogeneity and affecting tumor progression.Microevolution is the biological basis for the refractoriness and recurrence of tumors and has been paid attention in research and clinic recently.In this paper,acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are used as examples to demonstrate tumor microevolution and the concept of linear and branching evolution.Questions and perspective in the field of tumor microevolution research are also discussed.

Human herpesviruses (HHV) are widespread all over the world,and persist in human in latent infection.When reactivated,HHV plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of tumor and other diseases.Much attention has been paid on EB virus which can cause different tumors and other diseases.Studies within this half century have elucidated the mechanism of oncogenesis of γ-HHV.Recently it was reported that other HHV may have oncomodulation functions.

Cell death as the partner of cell proliferation is one of the basic mechanism in cell biology. Recently, it became obscure since more and more patterns of cell death were reported. However, the classification of cell death, which was recommended by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) in 2009, clarified the criteria. The theme of the recommendation and recent data from the literature were discussed in this review. The significance of studies on cell death was discussed.

After near a century of research,the diverse and complicated relationship between viruses and tumors has been elucidated gradually.Last century it was demonstrated that some retroviruses and some herpes viruses could induce lymphoma and leukemia in some animals.However,it is more complicated in human.During the last two decades it has been confirmed that several types of hepatitis viruses could cause hepatocellular carcinoma and the relationship between human papillomaviruses and cervix carcinoma has been established.These viral vaccines became useful tools to prevent prevalence of these carcinomas.Because of the successful inoculation of live attenuated viral vaccines all around the world in recent 15 years,oncolytic virotherapy is revived,and provides a novel strategy for treatment of refractory tumors.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are units in cancer evolution.The elucidation the origin of CSCs has great significance on prevention and treatment of cancers.This paper discusses possible origins,genetic pathways and mechanisms of CSC on the basis of the literature and authors' research.Normal stem cells could be malignantly transformed to CSC through long term accumulation of gene mutations.Induction to pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming is a possible pathway for somatic cells to become CSCs.Dedifferentiation of cancer cells to CSCs is another pathway.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),which is an important mechanism for cellular plasticity,plays important roles in cancer metastasis and stemness of cancer cells.Cell-fusion inducing EMT could be a mechanism for the genesis of CSCs.Infection of some virus is also related to the genesis of CSCs.The complexity of cancer biology was also discussed.

Dormant follicular lymphoma, prostate carcinoma and breast carcinoma are frequently detected by autopsy of non-tumor patients. Dormancy of malignant cells in hematopoietic malignancies is associated with genesis, development and treatment of these diseases. Dormancy is the universally applied strategy by living organism during survival competition. As the in vivo neoplasm, tumor cells keep this property. Recently, much attention has been paid to the mechanisms of tumor dormancy. These studies not only have theoretical significance, provide new ways for the prevention and treatment of tumors, but also help the understanding of over-diagnosis, over-treatment and provide clues for precise medicine. This paper reviewed cellular mechanism of tumor cell dormancy,immunological and vascular regulation of dormant tumors. The clinical significance,application of these mechanisms and direction of further study, which will provide new clues for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, were also discussed.