Xenotransplantation can probably overcome the critical shortage of human organ donors for clinical transplantation.Recently,research progresses in the biology of xenograft rejection and zoonotic infections,and the generation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs have moved this approach closer to clinical application,but immunological rejection is also the primary barrier in the study of xenotransplantation.This review sumarries the research progress of immunological rejection of xenotransplantation,providing some advices for the future of clinical xenotransplantation.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adipose Tissue ; injuries ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Massage ; Young Adult

Objective To study the proliferation and differentiation patterns of hepatic stem cells from mice cultured in vitro isolated identify their characteristics.Methods Mice were divided into 5 groups according to the pregnant (embryo days,ED13,ED15 and ED18) or born age (day0 and 3).Hepatic stem cells were isolated and cultured in vitro.The amount of the stem cells as well as their growing situation and differentiation pattern were observed and compared among different groups and markers of stem cells (CD117,CD90.1,CD49f,c-Met),hepatic cells(AFP) were used to identify the cultures.Resulls The cells with best situation of growing as colonies were obtained from ED15 group.Their expression of specific markers suggested that they were hepatic stem cells.The stem cells isolated from ED15 mice in subculturing proliferated in line pattern and differentiated in reverse line pattern.The expression of AFP varied as normal distribution as cell differentiation development.Conclusion Most cells have characteristics of hepatic stem cells isolated from fetal liver and the number of these cells decreases gradually as embryo duration prolongs.The hepatic stem cells proliferate in line pattern and differentiate into hepatic cells after in vitro culture.

Objective To construct a sequence tag library of HepG2 cells by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Methods Total RNA of HepG2 cells was extracted using a Trizol agent. The double strand cDNA were reverse-translated from mRNA which was isolated from total RNA. According to the protocol of SAGE, a sequence tag library of HepG2 cells was constructed. The transcript, which was represented by each tag, was analyzed by consulting the GenBank and UniGene, and the abundance of the tags was analyzed by SAGE analysis software. Results A total of 14 181 SAGE tags out of 15 586 tags were steadily and effectively amplified and the lengths of the tags were between 200-3000 bp. After sequence analysis of the tags, 2023 specific genes were revealed. Conclusions The use of improved reverse transcription agent kit may guarantee obtaining the full length cDNA, which provides materials for the construction of SAGE library. SAGE is a powerful method to investigate the gene expression profile, and it establishes a foundation for gene researches.

Objective To study the effects of various media, salt intensity, and organic components on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots and the synthesis of tanshinone ⅡA and protoca-techuic aldehyde. MethodsThe adventitious roots were obtained through tissue culture by manipulation of various media, salt intensity, and organic components and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were determined by HPLC. ResultsThe effect of media MS, LS, B5, White, and SH on adventitious roots of S. miltiorrhiza was observed. Adventitious roots grew better under high salt intensity while secondary metabolite biosynthesis was accelerated under low salt intensity in MS basal medium.The reciprocity of five organic components had significant effect on root growth; glycin favored the synthesis of tanshinone ⅡA; scarcity of one of inosital, glycin, VB1, and VB6 inhibited the synthesis of protocatechuic aldehyde. ConclusionMS Basal medium is used for adventitious root culture. The results show that salt intensity and organic components have significant effects on adventitious root culture of S. miltiorrhiza and secondary melabolite synthesis.

Objective To study the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde. Methods The adventitious roots were obtained through tissue culture by manipulation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were determined by HPLC. Results Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources were necessary for the culture of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious roots. The highest times of root multiplication were achieved at sucrose level of 30 g/L after 20 d culture, 60 g/L sucrose and low level sucrose were favorable for biosyntheses of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde, respectively. The highest root yield and tanshinone ⅡA content on day 25 were obtained by intermittent sugar adding during cultivation, and the production of adventitious roots and tanshinone ⅡA were 2.3-and 2.4-fold compared with those of control, respectively. The maximum root growth rate, contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were achieved while NH4+-NO3-was 1∶4, 1∶4, and 1∶1, respectively when concentration of total nitrogen source was kept at 60 mmol/L. To compare with the control group, changing of KH2PO4 concentration could favor for the adventilious root growth, but high KH2PO4 concentration inhibited tanshinone ⅡA biosynthesis. ConclusionThe results show that various carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources have the significant effects on adventitious root culture of S. miltiorrhiza. The best carbon source and its concentration, nitrogen and phosphate sources for the growth of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious root and the synthesis of secondary metabolite are confirmed.

Objective To explore the clinical manifestations, pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of Mirizzi syndrome.Method 65 patients with Mirizzi syndrome were analysed retrospectively.Results According to Csendes typing, patients with Mirizzi syndrome included type Ⅰ in 18 patients(27 6%), type Ⅱ in 25 patients (38 4%), type Ⅲ in 13 patients(20 0%), type Ⅳin 9 patients(13 8%), all patients were healed by corresponding operation and perioperative management.Conclusions Good outcome of Mirizzi syndrome patients can be achieved by accurate diagnosis,exact operation and active perioperative management.

Objective To study the protective effects of ulinastatin and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) antibody on ischemia and reperfusion injury of liver in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the normal control group, ischemia and reperfusion group, TNF-? antibody group and ulinastatin plus TNF-? antibody group. And the animals were killed after 60 minutes ischemia of liver followed by reperfusion for 1,3,6 and 12 hours. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and malondialdehyde(MDA) were detected, and liver histopathologic lesions were observed. Results After ischemia and reperfusion, the serum level of ALT and MDA remarkedly increased, and the hepatic congestion was prominent. Treatment of ulinastatin and TNF-? antibody could decrease the serum level of ALT and MDA significantly, and relieve hepatic congestion. Conclusions Ulinastatin and TNF-? antibody can suppress the inflammatory reaction induced by hepatic ischemia and reperfusion, and has protective effects on rat hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE:To optimizate base material composition and technology for5F scar emulsion.METHODS:According to the factors that affect the stability of emulsion,orthogonal design method L 9 (3 4 )was used,glyceryl monostearate,triethanolamine,sodium lauryl sulfate and emulsifying temperature were selected as variable factors.RESULTS:The optimum base material composition and technology were glyceryl monostearate6%,sodium lauryl sulfate0%,triethanolamine0.5%,emulsifying temperature80℃.CONCLUSION:The5F scar emulsion prepared by this composition and technology accords with the stipulation of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2000).

Objective[WT5”BZ] To evaluate the method and timing of operation and long term effect of congenital choledochal cysts(CCC) in adults.[WT5”HZ] Methods[WT5”BZ] The mode and timing of operation, effective rate, reoperation rate and incidence of carcinoma after operation for 70 operated patients with CCC in adults during the period from Jan, 1980 to June 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. [WT5”HZ]Results[WT5”BZ] The reoperation rate of external drainage was 86%(6/7); The effective rate of internal drainage was significantly lower than that of resection of the cyst(3/10 vs 45/49,? 2=20 94, P