Objective: To establish a risk prediction model and scoring system in patients with side branch (SB) occlusion during coronary bifurcation intervention. Methods: A total of 7007 consecutive patients who received percutanenous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital from 2012-02 to 2012-07 were recruited and 1545 patients (with 1601 bifurcation lesions) treated by single stent technique or main vessel stenting ifrst strategy were selected for our study. According to weather SB occlusion occurred during operation, the lesions were divided into 2 groups: Non-SB occlusion group,n=1431 and SB occlusion group,n=114. The data set of the ifrst 1200/1601 lesions by time sequence, was used for establishing the risk model and scoring system, the data set of rest 401 lesions was used for model validation. Results: The modeling data set presented that the relationship between pre-operative main vessel plaque and the position of branch vessel, the main blood vessel pre-stenting TIMI grade, the stenosis degree of pre-operative bifurcation nucleus, the angle of pre-operative bifurcation and the ratio of pre-senting stenosis degree of branch diameter and pre-operative main vessel to branch vessel diameter were the independent risk factors for branch occlusion. The risk model ROC=0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.85, Hosmer-Lemeshow HLP=1.00; the scoring system ROC=0.76, 95% CI 0.71-0.82, HLP=0.12. The validation data set ROC=0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.89, HLP=0.77; the scoring system ROC=0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86, HLP=0.58. The quartile integration of both data sets indicated that the patients with the integration score ≥ 10 had the higher risk for SB occlusion than those with integration score < 10 during the operation,P<0.001. Conclusion: Our research developed a simple and user-friendly system, it may distinguish the patients with high risk of SB occlusion during bifurcation intervention by quantitative stratiifcation of coronary angiographic imaging.

Objective To explore the value of stress dual-phase (early and delayed phases)18 FFDG myocardial PET/CT in detection of myocardial ischemia.Methods Ten swine were prepared as ischemic models and underwent 3 imaging procedures:pre-model stress (8 swine),post-model rest (8 swine)and post-model stress dual-phase imaging (10 swine).To perform stress dual-phase imaging,the tested subjects were fasted for more than 12 h and underwent early-phase PET imaging at 50 min after the intravenous injection of 18F-FDG (5 MBq/kg) for 10 mins,and followed by a dobutamine stress test,and then delayed-phase PET imaging at 50 min after the stress test for another 10 mins.The post-model rest dual-phase imaging was performed in almost the same way except that there was no dobutamine-loading.18F-FDG uptake image was qualitatively analyzed and classified into 4 levels:1 =no uptake,2 =diffuse uptake,3 =focal uptake,4=focal on diffuse uptake.Level 1 or 2 was considered as normal.If the focal uptake (level 3 or 4)was found on anterior wall or septum,ischemia was diagnosed.x2 test was used to determine the difference of the rate of ischemic myocardium between the two phases.18F-FDG uptake ratio of the anterior wall to posterior wall (K) of the left ventricle was calculated (K1 for early phase and K2 for delayed phase).Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied to determine the difference between K1 and K2.Results CAG showed LAD stenosis ＞70％ in all swine.In pre-model stress dual-phase imaging,no ischemia was detected at two phases (8/8 for level 1 or 2,0 for level 3 or 4).There was no significant difference between K1 and K2(1.08±0.10,1.11 ±0.10; Z =-1.48,P＞0.05).In post-model rest dual-phase imaging,the rate of ischemic myocardium was not significantly different between early and delayed phases (1/8,3/8 ; x2 =0.50,P＞0.05).There was no significant difference between K1 and K2(1.47±0.28,1.28±0.40; Z=-2.02,P＞0.05).In post-model stress dual-phase imaging,the rate of ischemic myocardium between the two phases was statistically different (4/10,10/10;x2=4.17,P＜0.05),and the difference between K1 and K2 was also significant (1.55±0.32,1.86±0.39; Z=-2.49,P＜0.05).Conclusion Stress dual-phase 18F-FDG myocardial PET/CT might be useful for the diagnosis of ischemia.

Objective:To investigate the impact of bifurcation angle (BA) on side branch occlusion (SBO) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in relevant patients.
Methods: A total of 1171 consecutive patients with 1200 bifurcation lesions who received one stent technique were studied. Based on the median BA of 52°, the patients were divided into 2 groups:Low angle group, n=587 patients with 600 bifurcation lesions and High angle group, n=584 patients with 600 bifurcation lesions. SBO was deifned by either side branch blood lfow disappeared or TIMI grade decreased after PCI. The occurrence rate of SBO was investigated and the impact of BA on SBO during PCI was evaluated by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.
Results:SBO occurred in 88/1200 (7.33%) bifurcation lesions. The occurrence rate of SBO in High angle group was igher than Low angle group (10.5%vs 4.2%, P<0.001). Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that high angle was the independent predictor of SBO occurrence (OR=1.026, 95%CI 1.014-1.037, P<0.01).
Conclusion:High BA was an independent predictor of SBO after the main vessel stent implantation, which should not be ignored in clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the prognostic factor for small side branch (SB) occlusion during coronary bifurcation intervention with the incidence rate of peri-procedural myocardial injury (PMI) in relevant patients.
Methods: A total of 925 consecutive patients who received coronary bifurcation intervention were enrolled and there were 949 SB lesions ≤ 2.0 mm conifrmed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). The patients were divided into 2 groups: SB occlusion group,n=85, including 86 bifurcation lesions and Non-SB occlusion group,n=840, including 863 bifurcation lesions. The clinical characteristics, QCA findings and PCI procedural conditions were studied by Multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the independent predictors of SB occlusion and to compare the incidence rate of PMI.
Results: The total SB occlusion rate was 9.1% (86/949). SB occlusion group had the higher incidence rate of PMI (26/83, 31.3%) vs (77/821, 9.4%) and peri-operative MI mortality(6/83, 7.2%) vs (11/821, 1.3%) than Non-SB occlusion group, both P<0.001. In SB occlusion group, the diameter ratio of main vessel (MV)/SB was obviously higher than Non-SB occlusion group,P<0.001. The independent predictors of SB occlusion included in true bifurcation lesion, irregular plaque, pre-dilation of SB, TIMI lfow grade of pre-procedural SB, stenosis degrees of distal MV and bifurcation core, bifurcation angle, diameter ratio of MV/SB and the stenosis degree of SB before MV stenting.
Conclusion: Coronary bifurcation lesion patients with SB occlusion had the higher risk of PMI during the interventional procedure.

Objective: To assess the risk factors for peri-procedural myocardial infarction (PMI) occurrence in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) based on the new standard of US Society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions (SCAI). Methods: According to SCAI standard, a total of 3371 relevant patients with 3516 elective PCI in our hospital were enrolled. The baseline clinical features, coronary angiography (CAG) findings and PCI procedural elements were retrospectively studied, the independent risk factors for PMI occurrence were identified by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results: There was 108/3516 (3.1%) PMI occurred in all patients. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis presented that age (OR=1.037, 95% CI 1.016-1.058), treating multi-vessel lesions (OR=1.697, 95% CI 1.095-2.629), treating at least 1 bifurcation lesion (OR=1.869, 95% CI: 1.213-2.878) and the total length of lesion (OR=1.016, 95%CI 1.009-1.024) were the independent risk factors for PMI occurrence. Conclusions: Age, treating multi-vessel lesions, at least one bifurcation lesion and the total length of lesion were the independent risk factors for PMI occurrence in patients after elective PCI.

Objective: To explore the correlation between antithrombotic strategy and its prognostic value in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients combining with atrial ifbrillation (AF) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods: A total of 570 CAD patients with AF received PCI in our hospital from 2012-01 to 2013-12 were retrospectively analyzed by CHADS2 and HAS-BLED Score system. According to CHADS2 < 2 and CHADS2 ≥ 2 or with/without warfarin medication, the patients were divided into 2 groups:①CHADS2 < 2 (Low risk of stroke) group,n=339 including 309 patients without warfarin and 30 with warfarin medication;②CHADS2 ≥ 2 (High risk of stroke) group,n=231 including 200 patients without warfarin and 31 with warfarin medication. All patients were followed-up for 15 months to compare the different anti-platelet/ anti-coagulation strategies for the occurrence rate of MACCE, ischemic and bleeding events.
Results: Compared with Low risk of stroke group, the patients in High risk of stroke group had the worse prognosis and higher rate of MACCE occurrence,P<0.001, HR=2.677, 95% CI (1.535-4.635), more ischemic events,P=0.013, HR=2.080, 95% CI (1.167-3.709). Multi-factor Cox surving analysis indicated that compared with low risk patients without warfarin medication, the high risk patients without warfarin had the higher rate of MACCE occurrence,P=0.001, HR=2.985, 95% CI (1.532-5.816), more ischemic events,P=0.026, HR=2.068, 95% CI (1.090-3.925). Whereas, the occurrence rates of MACCE and ischemic events in high risk, low risk patients with warfarin and low risk patients without warfarin were similar, all P>0.05. The major bleeding events in patients with warfarin were a little higher than those without warfarin,P>0.05. The minor bleeding events were increased in both Low risk stroke group asP<0.001, OR=4.458, 95% CI (1.934-10.277) and High risk stroke group asP=0.002, OR=4.155, 95% CI (1.717-10.055).
Conclusion: Warfarin medication may obviously decrease the occurrence rates of MACCE and ischemic events in high risk of stroke patients, while in low risk patients, warfarin could not further decrease the occurrence of MACCE and ischemic events. Warfarin could increase the risk for minor bleeding in both low risk and high risk of stroke in CAD patients combining with AF after PCI.

Objective: To evaluate the hybrid of drug eluting stent (DES) with bare metal stent (BMS) and exclusive DES implantation for treating the patients with multi-lesion coronary disease.
Methods: A total of 6495 patients with multi-lesion coronary disease received elective PCI in our hospital from 2004-04 to 2006-10 were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups, Hybrid group, n=848 and Exclusive DES group, n=5647. With 1:1 propensity score matching, there were 823 pair of patients were ifnally studied. The clinical outcomes included 1, 2 years post-operative all cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and in-stent thrombosis. The relative risks of all outcomes were assessed by Cox’s proportional-hazard model after propensity match.
Results: With propensity match, Cox’s proportional-hazard model analysis indicated that compared with Exclusive DES group, Hybrid group had the higher risks of TLR (HR 2.38, 95%CI 1.50-3.70), TVR (HR 1.61, 95%CI 1.15-2.27), MACE (HR 1.37, 95%CI 1.02-1.85), all P<0.01. The all cause death, MI and the ratio of all cause death/MI were similar between 2 groups in 1, 2 years follow-up period, all P>0.05.
Conclusion:Compared with exclusive DES, the hybrid of DES with BMS implantation had the higher risk of TLR, TVR and MACE for treating the patients with multi-lesion coronary disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Over the past decades, transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been increasingly adopted in clinical practice. Women represent a large population who will possibly benefit from PCI, but they are often under-represented in clinical studies. Therefore, the role of TRI in women remains to be further defined. This study sought to compare safety and efficacy for transradial intervention (TRI) and transfemoral intervention (TFI) in women undergoing PCI in China. METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,067 women undergoing PCI at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China between 2006 and 2011 (TRI: n=4,105, TFI: n=962). Incidence rates of clinical outcomes during hospitalization and at 1-year follow-up were compared between TRI and TFI. In order to minimize potential biases, a 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. A total of 899 pairs were matched. RESULTS: Baseline and procedural characteristics were well-balanced between TRI and TFI groups after controlling for confounders using PSM. TRI was associated with reduced major post-PCI bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.76; p < 0.001) and access site complications (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.61–0.74; p < 0.001) after PSM. There was no statistical differences in the incidence rates of major adverse cardiac events (a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) both during hospitalization and at 1-year follow-up (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this propensity score-based analysis of TRI versus TFI in Chinese women, TRI showed advantages of safety and feasibility over TFI. A wider adoption of TRI in women has the potential to improve outcomes in treatment of coronary artery diseases.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Beijing ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; China ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Death ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Propensity Score ; Radial Artery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Over the past decades, transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been increasingly adopted in clinical practice. Women represent a large population who will possibly benefit from PCI, but they are often under-represented in clinical studies. Therefore, the role of TRI in women remains to be further defined. This study sought to compare safety and efficacy for transradial intervention (TRI) and transfemoral intervention (TFI) in women undergoing PCI in China. METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,067 women undergoing PCI at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China between 2006 and 2011 (TRI: n=4,105, TFI: n=962). Incidence rates of clinical outcomes during hospitalization and at 1-year follow-up were compared between TRI and TFI. In order to minimize potential biases, a 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. A total of 899 pairs were matched. RESULTS: Baseline and procedural characteristics were well-balanced between TRI and TFI groups after controlling for confounders using PSM. TRI was associated with reduced major post-PCI bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.76; p < 0.001) and access site complications (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.61–0.74; p < 0.001) after PSM. There was no statistical differences in the incidence rates of major adverse cardiac events (a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) both during hospitalization and at 1-year follow-up (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this propensity score-based analysis of TRI versus TFI in Chinese women, TRI showed advantages of safety and feasibility over TFI. A wider adoption of TRI in women has the potential to improve outcomes in treatment of coronary artery diseases.

Objectives:To analyze the impact of target lesion calcification evaluated by coronary angiography on immediate procedure success rate and long-term clinical outcome in patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods:Consecutive patients received angiographic calcification evaluation and underwent PCI in Fuwai Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2017 to December 2018 were prospectively enrolled in this study.Patients are divided into 4 groups,including non-calcification group(n=14 387),mild calcification group(n=8 231),moderate calcification group(n=3 208)and severe calcification group(n=886).The primary endpoint was immediate post-PCI procedure success rate,which was defined as residual stenosis<50%without major operational complications(including coronary artery perforation,coronary artery dissection,intraoperative stent thrombosis)and failure to cross the lesion.The long-term clinical endpoint was the 3-year major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE),which included composite endpoint events such as all cause death,myocardial infarction(MI),and revascularization. Results:The severe calcification group had a lower success rate of interventional therapy(80.59%vs.94.23%vs.94.29%vs.91.49%),a higher incidence of residual stenosis≥50%(17.72%vs.5.03%vs.4.84%vs.7.29%),a higher incidence of coronary artery dissection(1.81%vs.0.66%vs.0.78%vs.1.25%),and a higher incidence of coronary artery perforation(2.14%vs.0.51%vs.0.38%vs.0.69%),and a higher incidence of failure to cross the lesion(0.23%vs.0.12%vs.0.04%vs.0.16%)compared to the non-calcification group,mild calcification group,and moderate calcification group(all P<0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients with severe calcification had a higher risk of MACE(12.98%vs.9.35%,HR=1.21,95%CI:1.00-1.47,P=0.046),all-cause mortality(4.29%vs.1.80%,HR=1.55,95%CI:1.10-2.18,P=0.013),and MI(2.14%vs.0.97%,HR=1.97,95%CI:1.21-3.20,P=0.006)compared to patients without calcification. Conclusions:Patients with angiographic-detected severe calcification after PCI treatment face higher risk of PCI procedure failure,MACE,all-cause death,and MI compared to patients without,with mild,and moderate calcification.