To determine the factors which can increase the failure after glaucoma filtering surgery and to evaluate the affect of Mitomycin C(MMC) on filtering surgery. We evaluated 249 eyes who underwent glaucoma filtering surgery consecutively during last 2 years in Catholic University Medical College hospitals. 129 eyes had risk factors and 68 eyes of them were treated with MMC during operation. The success rate of the group with risk factors was significantly lower (P=0.001) than that of the group without risk factors. In the risk group, MMC has increased the sucess rate (P=0.07). Previous cataract surgery, neovascularization of iris (NVI) , re-trabeculectomy, young age under 40, uveitis and diabetes were significant risk factors for surgical failure. After adjustment of each factors, previous cataract surgery, NVI, retrabeculectomy and young age still increased the failure rate significantly. Among them we were able to make reduse the effect of re-trabeculectomy and youth by using MMC during surgery. The outcome of glaucoma surgery may increase the success rate in some high risk cases.
Adolescent ; Cataract ; Filtering Surgery* ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Iris ; Mitomycin* ; Risk Factors* ; Uveitis

PURPOSE: To prepare the appropriate guideline in choosing the internal fixatives for the intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 95 cases of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur from January, 1999 to December, 2003. We fixed the fracture with Proximal Femoral Nail in 37 cases (PFN group), Dynamic Hip Screw in 56 (DHS group), Dynamic Condylar Screw in 2 cases (DHS group). We reviewed operation time, blood loss during operation, changes in neck-shaft angle and sliding of lag screw. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the parameters between the 2 groups in stable fracture. In unstable fractures, operation time in PFN group and DHS group revealed 103.9 and 128.2 minutes respectively; mean amount of blood loss during operation revealed 523.2 and 573.1 ml respectively. Mean changes in the neck-shaft angle at final follow-up in PFN group and DHS group revealed 4.6 degrees and 4.1 degrees; sliding of lag screw averaged 3.4 and 6.5 mm respectively. Among the DHS group, cases of additional fixation with trochanteric supporting plate revealed 3.1 degrees of changes in neck-shaft angle and 4.2 mm of lag screw sliding. CONCLUSION: In cases of stable fractures, any fixative might suffice. In cases of unstable fractures, there were no significant differences in results of treatment between these two groups, however, PFN group revealed shoter operation time and less blood loss during operation. It seemed to be necessary to apply additional fixation with trochanteric supporting plate when using DHS in unstable cases.
Aged* ; Femur* ; Fixatives* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip ; Hip Fractures* ; Humans

Neuromuscular choristoma is a rare benign tumor of the peripheral nerves. To the best of our knowledge, 21 cases have been reported to date. We describe here a 20-day-old female infant who presented with a buttock mass (4.5 x 4.1 x 3.2 cm on MRI) arising from the left sciatic nerve. Microscopically, it was characterized by an intimately disorganized mixture of nerve fibers and striated muscle fibers that were occasionally surrounded by the perineurium and separated by fibrous bands of varying thickness. In some areas, there appeared to be some cells in transitional forms between nerve fibers and muscle fibers, revealing variously positive expressions for S-100 protein in the muscular components. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuroectodermal-derived Schwann cells can give rise to mature skeletal muscle. It appears that the fibrosis may be related to the degeneration of the neural components. The size of the mass on MRI has been unchanged during the 3-year follow-up period.
Buttocks ; Choristoma* ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle, Striated ; Nerve Fibers ; Peripheral Nerves ; S100 Proteins ; Schwann Cells ; Sciatic Nerve*

PURPOSE: To introduce the technique of reducing displaced or comminuted clavicle shaft fracture using composite wiring and report the clinical results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2006 and December 2013, 31 consecutive displaced clavicle fractures (Edinburgh classification 2B) treated by anatomic reduction and internal fixation using composite wiring and plates were retrospectively evaluated. The fracture fragments were anatomically reduced and fixed with composite-wiring. An additional plate was applied. Radiographic assessments for the numbers of fragments, size of each fragment and amount of shortening and displacement were performed. The duration for fracture union and complications were investigated retrospectively. The mean fallow-up duration was 15.9 months. RESULTS: The mean number of fragments was 1.7 (1-3) and the mean width of fracture fragment was 7.1 mm (4.5-10.6 mm). The mean shortening of the clavicle was 20.5 mm (10.3-36.2 mm). The mean number of composite wires used in fixation was 1.9 (1-3). Radiographic union was achieved in all patients with a mean time to union of 11.6 weeks. There were no complications including metal failure, pin migration, nonunion, or infection. CONCLUSION: The composite wiring was suitable for fixation of small fracture fragment and did not interfere with the union, indicating that it is useful for treatment of clavicle shaft fracture.
Classification ; Clavicle* ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

To evaluate the effect of trabeculectomy on glaucoma following penetrating keratoplasty, we analyzed surgical results of patients who had taken trabeculectomy because of glaucoma associated with penetrating keratoplasty during the last two years. We evaluated success rate of trabeculectomy and possible causative factors which evoked filtering surgery failure. Mean follow-up period was about one year (11.98+/-3.2months) after trabeculectomy. Among the eyes with trabeculectomy, 61.9% maintained their intraocular pressure below 21 mmHg until last visit. Early elevation of increased intraocular pressure after keratoplasty was the only risk fator of filtering surgery which was stastically significant (P<0.05). However, aphakic or pseudophakic eyes, eyes with inflammatory disease and large donor trephine size were also estimated for possible risk factors. Corneal graft failure was single most common complicagion (5 eyes, 23.9%) after trabeculectomy. In conclusion, we think that early filtering surgery on the glaucomatous eyes associated with keratoplasty possible improved the surgical results. However, further studies to increase success rate of filtering sugery and to reduce graft failure rate, were warranted.
Corneal Transplantation* ; Filtering Surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Keratoplasty, Penetrating ; Risk Factors ; Tissue Donors ; Trabeculectomy* ; Transplants

Extraskeletal chondromas are benign soft tissue tumor of hyaline cartilage. These tumors are rare and the pathogenesis is unclear. They are usually involves the hand or feet. We report the case of extraskeletal chondroma arising from subungual region of the finger with nail deformity and review of the literature.
Chondroma* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Fingers ; Foot ; Hand ; Hyaline Cartilage

PURPOSE: To investigate short term clinical outcomes of the open surgical repair for triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) foveal detachment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 8 patients (5 men, 3 women) who had been treated with open surgical repair of the TFCC type 1B injury, from 2005 to 2013 and who were followed up for more than one year after surgery. Mean age at time of surgery was 34 years. The right side was involved in 3 patients, and the left in 5. The clinical results of surgery were assessed with modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS), disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score and pain-visual analogue scale (VAS). Physical examination was performed to evaluate the prescence of distal radioulnar instability, preoperatively and at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: The mean follow up period were 36.5 months (range, 12-64 months). The mean MMWS improved from 52.5 (range, 25-85) preoperatively to 82.5 (range, 75-100) postoperatively (p=0.02). The mean DASH score improved from 39.6 (range, 65-13.5) preoperatively to 13.4 (range, 2.5-33.3) postoperatively (p=0.012). The preoperative mean pain-VAS was 4.6 (range, 6-3); these value was reduced to mean 2 (range, 0-3) at the latest follow-up (p=0.016). There were no patients remaining instability after the surgery, although four patients showed distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability before surgery. CONCLUSION: The surgical outcomes of open repair for TFCC foveal detachment (type 1B) was contentable. Also, in cases of type 1B injury associated with DRUJ instability were managed sucessfully without additional procedure.
Arm ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Retrospective Studies ; Shoulder ; Triangular Fibrocartilage* ; Wrist

Previously, we reported that besides retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spike, there is ~ 10 Hz oscillatory rhythmic activity in local field potential (LFP) in retinal degeneration model, rd1 mice. The more recently identified rd10 mice have a later onset and slower rate of photoreceptor degeneration than the rd1 mice, providing more therapeutic potential. In this study, before adapting rd10 mice as a new animal model for our electrical stimulation study, we investigated electrical characteristics of rd10 mice. From the raw waveform of recording using 8x8 microelectrode array (MEA) from in vitro-whole mount retina, RGC spikes and LFP were isolated by using different filter setting. Fourier transform was performed for detection of frequency of bursting RGC spikes and oscillatory field potential (OFP). In rd1 mice, ~10 Hz rhythmic burst of spontaneous RGC spikes is always phase-locked with the OFP and this phase-locking property is preserved regardless of postnatal ages. However, in rd10 mice, there is a strong phase-locking tendency between the spectral peak of bursting RGC spikes (~5 Hz) and the first peak of OFP (~5 Hz) across different age groups. But this phase-locking property is not robust as in rd1 retina, but maintains for a few seconds. Since rd1 and rd10 retina show phase-locking property at different frequency (~10 Hz vs. ~5 Hz), we expect different response patterns to electrical stimulus between rd1 and rd10 retina. Therefore, to extract optimal stimulation parameters in rd10 retina, first we might define selection criteria for responding rd10 ganglion cells to electrical stimulus.
Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Fourier Analysis ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Mice ; Microelectrodes ; Models, Animal ; Patient Selection ; Retina ; Retinal Degeneration ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinaldehyde

In Wegener's granulomatosis, the classical clinical picture is composed of a triad of symptoms: sinusitis-rhinitis, pulmonary lesion and glomerulonephritis with granulomatous lesions and necrotizing vasculitis of involved organs. But localization in retroperitoneal tissue is unusual. In this case, hydronephrosis and ureteral obstruction is the sole presenting symptoms of the disease. At exploratory laparotomy, the right ureter was found to be obstructed by dense, extrinsic fibroinflammatory reaction. There was a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis in the muscle layer of the ureter.
Glomerulonephritis ; Hydronephrosis ; Laparotomy ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Vasculitis ; Wegener Granulomatosis*

OBJECTIVE: In search of an ideal method of assisted hatching (AH), we compared the effects of conventional micropipette-AH and laser-AH on the blastocyst formation rate (BFR) and blastocyst cell numbers. METHODS: Four- to five-week-old ICR female mice were paired with male mice after superovulation using Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and hCG. The two-cell embryos were flushed from the oviducts of female mice. The retrieved two-cell embryos underwent one of five AH procedures: single mechanical assisted hatching (sMAH); cross mechanical assisted hatching (cMAH); single laser assisted hatching (sLAH); quarter laser assisted hatching (qLAH); and quarter laser zona thinning assisted hatching (qLZT-AH). After 72 hours incubation, double immunofluorescence staining was performed. RESULTS: Following a 72 hours incubation, a higher hatching BFR was observed in the control, sMAH, cMAH, and sLAH groups, compared to those in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups (p<0.05). The hatched BFR was significantly higher in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups than in the others (p<0.05 for each group). The inner cell mass (ICM) was higher in the control and sMAH group (p<0.05). The trophectoderm cell number was higher in the cMAH and qLAH groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the hatched BFR was higher in groups exposed the the qLAH and qLZT-AH methods compared to groups exposed to other AH methods. In the qLAH group, although the total cell number was significantly higher than in controls, the ICM ratio was significantly lower in than controls.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Count ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gonadotropins ; Herpes Zoster ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; Oviducts ; Pregnancy ; Superovulation