OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of central venous catheter-related infection (CRI) in burn patients and its risk factors, so as to guide the clinical practice.

METHODSClinical data of 5 026 days of 480 cases of central venous catheterization altogether in 228 burn patients admitted to our ward from June 2011 to December 2014, conforming to the study criteria, were retrospectively analyzed. (1) The incidence of CRI and that of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in patients (the infection rates per thousand days were calculated) and mortality due to them, and detection of concerning bacteria were recorded after each case of catheterization. (2) The incidence of CRI after each case of catheterization in patients was recorded according to the classification of their gender, age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, cause of injury, severity of inhalation injury, location of catheterization, whether catheterization through wound or not, duration of catheterization, and the data were processed with chi-square test. Indexes with statistically significant differences were selected, and they were processed with multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis to screen the independent risk factors of CRI. (3) To all cases of catheterization and cases with catheterization through wound, incidence of CRI after each case of catheterization in patients at each time period was recorded according to the sorting of duration of catheterization. Data were processed with chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, and the values of P were adjusted by Bonferroni.

RESULTS(1) Infection rate of CRI per thousand days was 50.14‰ (252/5 026), resulting in the mortality rate of 3.51% (8/228). Infection rate of CRBSI per thousand days was 18.70‰ (94/5 026), resulting in the mortality rate of 2.19% (5/228). Respectively 319 and 105 strains of pathogens were detected in CRI and CRBSI, in which the top four bacteria detected were Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the most common fungus found was smooth Candida. (2) There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of CRI after each case of catheterization among patients with different gender, age, cause of injury, severity of inhalation injury, and location of catheterization (with χ(2) values from 0.427 to 6.991, P values above 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of CRI after each case of catheterization among patients with different total burn area, full-thickness burn area, whether catheterization through wound or not, duration of catheterization (with χ(2) values from 7.202 to 14.246, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) Total burn area, whether catheterization through wound or not, and duration of catheterization were the independent risk factors of CRI (with odd ratios respectively 1.495, 1.670, 1.924, 95% confidence intervals respectively 1.096-2.040, 1.077-2.590, 1.303-2.841, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (4) In all cases enduring catheterization, the incidence of CRI in patients after each episode of catheterization was close between cases enduring catheterization shorter than or equal to 3 days and those longer than 3 days and shorter than or equal to 5 days (χ(2) <0.001, P>0.05); the incidence of CRI in patients after each episode of catheterization was significantly higher in cases enduring catheterization longer than 5 days and shorter than or equal to 7 days, longer than 7 days and shorter than or equal to 14 days, and longer than 14 days than the former two periods (with χ(2) values from 3.625 to 13.495, P values below 0.05). In the cases with catheterization through wound, the incidence of CRI of patients after each episode of catheterization was close between cases enduring catheterization shorter than 5 days and those longer than or equal to 5 days and shorter than 7 days (P>0.05); the incidence of CRI of patients after each episode of catheterization was significantly higher in cases enduring catheterization longer than or equal to 7 days and shorter than 14 days and longer than or equal to 14 days than those with longer than or equal to 5 days and shorter than 7 days (with χ(2) values respectively 6.828 and 4.940, P values below 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe infection rate of CRI per thousand days in burn patients is relatively low, while that of CRBSI is relatively high, both resulting in relatively low mortality, and Acinetobacter baumannii is the main pathogen. Total burn area, whether catheterization through wound or not, and duration of catheterization are independent risk factors of CRI in burn patients, and with which its occurrence could be predicted. It is suggested that central venous catheterization should be removed within 5 days, and catheterization through wounds should be avoided as much as possible. If catheterization through wound is unavoidable, removal of the catheter within 7 days is recommended.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; isolation & purification ; Burns ; complications ; Catheter-Related Infections ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

In this paper, combined with the characteristics of rotational learning of dermatologists, we have taken various measures such as improving the scientific research training system, strengthening the awareness of scientific research, optimizing the teaching mode, adding new assessment mechanism, hand-in-hand teaching and other measures to realize the close combination of clinical and scientific research, and lay a solid foundation for the cultivation of high-quality innovative talents in dermatology.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of oral administration of mixed enteral nutritional agent on intestinal mucosal barrier of patients with severe burn injury at early stage.

METHODSTwenty-four patients with severe burn injury admitted to our burn ward from August 2013 to September 2014, conforming to the study criteria, were divided into conventional therapy group (n = 12) and early enteral feeding group (n = 12) according to the random number table. Patients in conventional therapy group received conventional treatment immediately after admission, while those in early enteral feeding group were orally given 100 mL of a mixture of glutamine, probiotics, and prebiotics once a day besides conventional treatment for 7 days. Serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and procalcitonin (PCT) and plasma level of LPS were determined by ELISA before treatment and on treatment day (TD) 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Wound secretion and blood samples were collected for bacterial culture within the 21 TD. The incidence of MODS within the 21 TD was observed. Data were processed with Fisher's exact test, rank sum test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, and LSD-t test.

RESULTS(1) Serum levels of DAO in patients of early enteral feeding group on TD 7, 14, and 21 were respectively (14.9 ± 3.7), (12.4 ± 3.1), and (9.5 ± 0.7) ng/mL, which were significantly lower than those of conventional therapy group [(17.5 ± 4.0), (16.3 ± 3.3), and (13.0 ± 1.1) ng/mL, with t values from 2.913 to 15.304, P values below 0.01]. Serum levels of DAO at the other time points were close between the two groups (with t values from -0.598 to 0.139, P values above 0.05). (2) Compared with serum levels of PCT in patients of conventional therapy group [(11.7 ± 20.9) and (12.9 ± 23.9) ng/mL], those of early enteral feeding group were significantly lower on TD 7 and 14 [(2.7 ± 8.1) and (2.0 ± 5.6) ng/mL, with Z values respectively -2.919 and -2.139, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01]. Serum levels of PCT at the other time points were close between the two groups (with Z values from -1.833 to -0.346, P values above 0.05). (3) Plasma level of LPS in patients of early enteral feeding group on TD 7 was (33 ± 56) pg/mL, which was significantly lower than that of conventional therapy group [(102 ± 108) pg/mL, Z = -2.046, P < 0.05]. Plasma levels of LPS at the other time points between the two groups showed no significant difference (with Z values from -2.003~-0.526, P values above 0.05). (4) Positive results in bacterial culture of wound secretion were approximately the same between the two groups (P > 0.05). Bacterial culture of blood was positive in 7 patients of conventional therapy group and 1 patient of early enteral feeding group, showing significantly statistical difference (P < 0.05). MODS was observed in 1 patient of conventional therapy group, showing no significantly statistical difference with that of early enteral feeding group (no patient, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEarly intestinal feeding of mixed enteral nutritional agent in addition to conventional therapy can effectively promote repair of the impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier, protect integrity of intestinal mucosa, reduce damage to intestines, and alleviate inflammatory response in patients suffering from severe burn injury.

Administration, Oral ; Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) ; blood ; Burns ; metabolism ; therapy ; Calcitonin ; blood ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Female ; Glutamine ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Protein Precursors ; blood ; Treatment Outcome ; Wound Healing