Objective To investigate the characteristics of pathogenic bacteria/the drug resistance/the correlated risk fators/the prophylaxis control strategy of the severe craniocerebral injury patients combined with intracranial infection .Methods The clinical data of 35 craniocerebral injury patients with intracranial infection were retrospectively analyzed .Results 35 patients′cerebrospinal fluid were separated and 54 pathogenic bacterium had been cultured ,including G+ bacterium(61 .11% ) ,the G - bacteria(33 .33% ) , fungi(5 .56% ) .The pathogenic bacteria showed a higher resistance .The single factor analysis found that the wound itself exists in-fection factors ,the postoperative drainage of incision ,liquorrhoea ,with other basic diseases ,surgery lasted for a long time (>4 h) reoperative ,surgery is placed foreign body is severe craniocerebral trauma combined with intracranial infection were the main rele-vant factors .The total effective rate was 62 .86% ,and the mortality was 11 .43% by the positive therapy .Conclusion G+ bacteria were the main pathogenic bacterium in the severe craniocerebral injury patients combined with intracranial infection .The iatrogenic factors leaded to the increase of the proportion of intracranial infection and the resistance increased year after year .The clinical in-travenous antibiotics combined intrathecal injections were beneficial to control intracranial infection ,shorten the course of treatment and enhance the curative effect .

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a serious complication that occurs in the natural history of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)or after retinal detachment surgery, often resulting in vision loss. Currently, there has no effective treatment. The pathological characteristics of PVR are the excessive inflammatory response and abnormal proliferation of various cells under the action of cytokines, which eventually form a layer of proliferative membrane around the retinal surface, and further lead to traction retinal detachment(TRD). In-depth studies on the pathogenesis of PVR will help to find promising molecular targets for its treatment. Recent studies have found that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of PVR. This article summarizes the roles of VEGF and RPE cell EMT in the pathogenesis of PVR and the interaction mechanism between them, with the aim to provide new ideas for the treatment and clinical research of PVR.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Dacryocystitis ; surgery ; Dacryocystorhinostomy ; methods ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microwaves ; therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Cavity ; surgery ; Young Adult

The therapeutic methods and effects have been improved greatly in the past few decades for burn care and management with several important advancements which have resulted in more effective patient stabilization and significantly decreased mortality in China. However, the challenges still exist, such as how to further improve the recovery of the patients′ appearance and function, and how to advance the treatment of severe deep extensive burn injury, etc. The theory of holistic integrative medicine (HIM) provides a new opportunity for the development of clinical medicine. This article emphasizes the important roles of HIM in exploration of burn medicine, considering the advanced development of modern life sciences and relevant techniques.

AIM:To determine the role of Kv1 2, Kv1 5, Kv2 1 in the hypoxia pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: normoxic group and hypoxic group. The single smooth muscle cell was obtained from pulmonary artery of Wistar rats with acute enzymatic digestion method. The conventional whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential (Em) and the potassium currents of voltage-gated potassium channel (IKv) in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Intracellular application of Kv1 2/Kv1 5/Kv2 1 antibodies (1∶125) was conducted through the whole-cell patch clamp system. RESULTS: ① Em of PASMC was depolarized after 24 h hypoxia compared with that of control cells [from (-51 8?0 8) mV to (-47 2? 0 7) mV, P

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was initially isolated as a T cell growth factor and had been shown to direct the expansion and differentiation of several hematopoietic cell types. Clinical studies using IL-2 in the treatment of AIDS have been encouraging, due to its critical role as a proliferative signal for activated T-lymphocytes. IL-2 has also undergone trials in the treatment of several types of cancer, based on its stimulation of cytotoxic, antitumor cells. Today, human IL-2 is produced completely by genetically engineered method, and it has been proved that genetically engineered recombinant human IL-2 has almost the same function and clinical effect as wild IL-2. In the former study, recombinant human IL-2 usually comes from E. coli, in this paper the mutant IL-2 was successfully expressed and purified in Pichia pastoris for the first time. As a eukaryote, Pichia pastoris has many of the advantages of higher eukaryotic expression systems such as protein processing, protein folding, and posttranslational modification, while being as easy to manipulate as E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is faster, easier, and less expensive to use than other eukaryotic expression systems such as baculovirus or mammalian tissue culture, and generally gives higher expression level. Expression conditions of human mutant interleukin-2(the codon for cysteine-125 of human IL-2 with alanine; the codon for leucine-18 with methionine; the codon for leucine-19 with serine) in the recombinant Pichia pastoris strain were optimized via test of some factors such as the rate of aeration, the inductive duration, the initial pH and the concentration of methanol. The results from tests showed that the most important parameter for efficient expression of interleukin-2 in recombinant Pichia pastoris strain is adequate aeration during methanol induction, and the optimum inductive condition for interleukin-2 expression was: more than 80% aeration, 2 days for induction, the initial pH of 6.0, the final methanol concentration of 1.0%. With this condition, the expressed IL-2 was secreted into fermentation broth and reached a yield of 30%, approximately 200 mg/L. Expressed interleutin-2 (MvIL-2) was isolated and purified by centrifugation, millipore filtration to concentration, Econo-PacS strongly acidic cation exchanger cartridge and molecular sieve chromatography and the yield of MvIL-2 was 27%. MvIL-2 was purified to electrophoretic purity by SDS-PAGE and only one peak being loaded on HPLC. Purified MvIL-2 protein had stimulating activity similar to the wild type of IL-2 as assayed by IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells. However, the stability of MvIL-2 was superior than that of IL-2 at different temperatures. The activity of obtained MvIL-2 was 4 - 5 times of the wild type of IL-2, So MvIL-2 had an advantage over wild type of rhIL-2 in storage stability and activity.
Fermentation ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Mutant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Mutation ; Pichia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein Engineering ; methods ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo determine the molecular mechanisms involved in atrial fibrosis which occurs in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to investigate their effects on the initiation and maintenance of AF.

METHODSThe right atrial tissue samples were taken from 73 patients with rheumatic heart disease who underwent heart valve replacement surgery. 34 patients had no history of AF (sinus rhythm group), 9 patients had paroxysmal AF and 30 patients had persistent AF. The mRNA content of collagen type I, collagen type III, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and normalized to beta-actin or GAPDH.

RESULTSCompared to sinus rhythm group, the mRNA of collagen type I and MMP-2 increased significantly in the persistent AF group (all, P < 0.01), followed by the paroxysmal AF group (all, P < 0.05). The mRNA of collagen type III was slightly higher in both AF groups than in the sinus rhythm group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mRNA of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 was down-regulated in the persistent AF group (all, P < 0.01, respectively), however, the trends of reduction did not reach statistical significance in the paroxysmal AF group (P > 0.05). The mRNA of TIMP-4 remained compatible in each group. The mRNA of collagen type I was significantly correlated with left atrial dimension (r = 0.336, P = 0.004) and AF duration (r = 0.339, P = 0.003). The mRNA of MMP-2 was significantly correlated with the mRNA of TIMP-2 (r = -0.326, P = 0.006), the mRNA of collagen type I (r = 0.322, P = 0.006), left atrial dimension (r = 0.300, P = 0.011) and AF duration (r = 0.300, P = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONThe increased level of collagen type I associated with selective downregulation of TIMP-2 and upregulation of MMP-2 gene expression in atrium could be one of the molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrosis during atrial fibrillation, which correlates with the initiation and maintenance of AF.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Atrial Fibrillation ; metabolism ; pathology ; Collagen Type I ; genetics ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium ; pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 ; genetics ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases ; genetics

Objective To investigate the effect of early cognitive rehabilitation training on cognitive function of patients after carotid endarterectomy. Methods The clinical data of 32 patients with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy ( CEA) admitted to the neurosurgery department of Chongqing emergency medical center from January 2016 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Sixteen pa-tients with conventional CEA admitted from January 2016 to June 2017 were treated as the control group.Sixteen patients with early cognitive rehabilitation training admitted from July 2017 to June 2018 were treated as cognitive on the basis of routine treatment after CEA.In the train-ing group,the Montréal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) scores at 1 week and 3 months after surgery were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in MoCA score between the two groups (P>0.05) at 1 week after surgery compared with those before surgery. The MoCA scores of the two groups were significantly higher than those before the operation 3 months after surgery(P<0.05).The change of the cognitive training group was more significant than that of the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion After carotid endarterectomy,early cognitive rehabilitation training can help reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and improve cognitive function.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of 18-β glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on the endoplasmic reticulum of nasal epithelial cells in allergic rhinitis (AR) model rats.

METHODSTotally 96 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the blank group, the AR model group, the loratadine group, the GA group, 24 in each group. AR models were established by peritoneally injecting ovalbumin (OVA). Morphological scoring was performed. GA at 21. 6 mg/kg was intragastrically administered to rats in the GA group. Nasal mucosal tissues were taken for electron microscopic examinations at the second, fourth, sixth, and tenth week after drug intervention.

RESULTSThe overlapping score was 2.10 ± 0.45 in the blank group, 5.10 ± 0.56 in the loratadine group, 5.10 ± 0.56 in the AR model group, 5.20 ± 0.78 in the GA group, showing statistical difference when compared with the blank group (P < 0.01). Results under transmission electron microscope showed that the number of the endoplasmic reticulum increased in the AR model group, with obvious cystic dilatation, a lot of vacuole formation, and degranulation. A large number of free ribosomes could be seen in cytoplasm. With persistent allergen exposure, changes mentioned above was progressively aggravated in the endoplasmic reticulum of nasal mucosal epithelium in the AR model group. But the dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole formation, and degranulation were relieved in the GA group, and got close to those of the blank group.

CONCLUSION18-β GA could improve the expansion, vacuolization, and degranulation of the endoplasmic reticulum of nasal epithelial cells in AR model rats.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; Glycyrrhetinic Acid ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Nasal Mucosa ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; drug therapy

TLR2 activity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, tumor carcinogenesis and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. To establish a TLR2 receptor-based cell screening model, NF-kappaB promoter-driven luciferase reporter plasmids were transfected into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) stably expressing human TLR2 and co-receptors CD14, TLR1 and TLR6. Single clones were then isolated and characterized. Using this screening system, a human TLR2-binding peptide C8 was obtained from the Ph.D.-7 Phage Display Peptide Library through biopanning and rapid analysis of selective interactive ligands (BRASIL). The binding characteristic of C8 with human TLR2 was evaluated by ELISA, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The NF-kappaB luciferase activity assay showed that C8 could activate the TLR2/TLR1 signaling pathway and induce the production of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6. In conclusion, the TLR2 receptor-based cell screening system is successfully established and a new TLR2-binding peptide is identified by using this system.
Bacteriophages ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Genes, Reporter ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; metabolism ; Luciferases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Binding ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 1 ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 6 ; metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism