The study analyzes the major factors which h ave led to the differences between the current situation of drug research and de velopment in China and that in the developed countries: Long-time-existing pla nned economy has prevented Chinese medical enterprises from rapidly becoming the principal part in drug research and development; there is a lack of the entrepr eneurs who can establish the drug research and development systems and availa ble market environment; scientists and entrepreneurs have difficulty in cooperat ing well; the reorientation about the government functions leaves much to be desired Based on above factors, this study has developed related measureme nt s to reduce the differences, such as conducting the structural innovation; esta blishing the drug research and developments systems unalterably; rearranging the functions of the governments and optimizing the market environment; strengthen ing the cooperation among the excellent pharmceutical enterprises in China

Objective:To study difference in arterial oxygen(PO 2) pressure between the carotid artery and the femoral artery and its relation with hypoxia of brain after head injury.Methods:Forty patients with acute head injury were divided into four groups according to the GCS(Ⅰ:6 patients for GCS 3-5score;Ⅱ:16 patients for GCS 6-8 score;Ⅲ:8 patients for GCS 9-12 score;Ⅳ:10 patients for GCS 13-15score).The PO 2 of the carotid artery and the femoral artery was monitored for every patient.At the same time,26 patients from all groups were monitored using transcranial dopplergraphy.Additional,22 patients with severe head injury were continuously monitored on PO 2 of the carotid artery and the femoral artery for 5 days.Results:(1)The difference in PO 2 between the carotid artery and the femoral artery was identified in Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups.The PO 2 of carotid artery is much less than that of femoral artery(P

The incidence of allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy) increased gradually over recent decades, and an increasing number of patients are suffering from allergic diseases, thus the rise in allergic disease incidence warrants concern. Researchers have already had a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Mounting evidence has shown that the eosinophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Many systematic studies have been conducted about eosinophils, therefore, this review will provide a summary on recent progress in eosinophils and allergic diseases.
Asthma ; etiology ; immunology ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; etiology ; immunology ; Eczema ; etiology ; immunology ; Eosinophils ; Food Hypersensitivity ; etiology ; immunology ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; etiology ; immunology

Objective To evaluate atrial stunning after successful cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation by utilizing tissue Doppler imaging(TDI),M-mode echocardiography in left atria-ventricuhr annulus motion,together with pulsed Doppler echocardiography and apexcardiogram.Methods Thirtyeight patients with atrial fibrillation who in 1 hour after successfully underwent electrical or pharmacological cardioversion were involved.The peak motion velocity of mitral annulus during atrial contraction period(Am)and peak motion velocity during early diastolic period(Em) was detected by TDI.The biggest motion argument of mitral annulus during atrial contraction period(DAD)and biggest motion argument during early diastolic period(DED)was detected byM-mode echocardiography.The blood flow velocity of mitral during early diastole(E)and atrial contraction(A) was also measured by pulsed Dopphr echocardiography and pressure wave during atrial systole was recorded by apexcardiogram.The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had atrial stunning(atrial stunning group and non-atrial stunning group).Results The incidence of atrial stunning occurred in left atrium was 28.9%(11/38)at 1 hour after successful cardioversion.There was no significant difference in cardioversion method between two groups(P>0.05).The patients in atrial stunning group had longer duration of atrial fibrillation and Larger left atrium(P<0.05).A,Am and DAD in the atrial systole period in atrial stunning group was 0.but in non-atrial stunning group was(43±34)cm/s,(6±4)cm/s,(0.27 ±0.18)cm,respectively,and there were significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Atrial stunning can happen in left atrium after successful cardioversion,and atrial stunning is related to the duration of atrial fibrillation and the dimension of left atrium.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristic of autoimmune gastritis (AIG).Methods From January 1990 to April 2010,the clinical data of 55 AIG patients were retrospectively analyzed,which included hemoglobin,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH),gastrin,intrinsic factor antibody (IFA),parietal cell antibody (PCA),gastrointestinal endoscopy examination and 24-hour esophageal pH recording.Another 31 megaloblastic anemia (MA) patients were selected as control.Statistical analysis was performed by independent-samples t test.Results Among 55 AIG patients,49 patients were associated with MA,and three out of four cases were identified of IFA.About 43.8％ (21/48) patients were PCA positive.Before treatment,the levels of LDH and α-HBDH of AIG patients with MA were (1045.50±853.46)U/L and (853.71±824.23) U/L which significantly increased,than those of patients without MA [(166.67±41.03) U/L,(133.67±27.90) U/L],the differences were statistically significant (t=-4.665,-2.120,both P＜0.05),however there was no significant difference when compared with the control group [(1047.52±1028.31) U/L,(1050.23±1264.37) U/L,both P＞0.05)].A total of 46 patients underwent gastroendoscopy examination,63.0％ (29/46) patients had gastric body atrophy while gastric antrum not involved; 34.8％ (16/46) patients had neither gastric body nor antrum atrophy; seven patients gastric mucosal showed intestinal metaplasia and one patient showed intestinal metaplasia with atypical hyperplasia and 2.2％ (1/46) presented both the antrum and the body atrophy.Conclusions The levels of LDH and α-HBDH increased in AIG patients might be related with MA caused marrow in-situ hemolysis.IFA is recommended as a routine test for AIG.There is still some limitations of AIG diagnosis according to histopathological features of gastric endoscopy specimen.The clinical features should be taken into consideration.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (p-NET) is a kind of neoplasm originating from neuroendocrine cell of pancreas.The morbidity of p-NET increased 5 times in the past 40 years and threatened people's life.However,the key points of diagnosis and treatment for p-NET are still unclear.There were no special and easy blood tests or imaging scanning for p-NET.The TNM classification remains controversial.Surgery is the most effective method to cure p-NET.But we still need to clarify which is the best time or method for surgery.In this review,we try to answer above questions based on our experiences and studies.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma often occurs in the stomach as well as the head and neck.This disease has characteristics of multi-site dissemination and indolent development,and about 80% of MALT lymphoma patients are in early stage.Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication is the main method for treating early-stage Hp-positive gastric MALT lymphoma.For patients with other types of early-stage MALT lymphoma and those with gastric MALT lymphoma who failed Hp eradication therapy,radiotherapy has a good clinical effect.In recent years,radiotherapy target volume has changed from the involved field to the involved site,and the dose has been decreased.This article provides a review of the above aspects.

Objective:To investigate the effects of sodium phenylbutyrate(NaPB) on the matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) expression and invasive ability of human thyroid follicular carcinoma cell line CGTHW-1.Methods: CGTHW-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of NaPB,then the invasive ability of CGTHW-1 cells was assessed using Transwell assay.The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was examined by immunocytochemistry staining and RT-PCR in CGTHW-1 cells.Results: After treatment with NaPB(4 mmol/L) for 72 h,CGTHW-1 cells passing the Transwell were significantly reduced[(29.8?1.77) vs(11.00?2.59),P

The relationship between the dental occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)has been one of the most controversial topics in the dental community.In a large epidemiological cross-sectional survey-the Study of Health in Pomerania (Germany)-associations between 1 5 occlusion-related variables and TMD signs or symptoms were found.In other investigations,additional occlusal variables were i-dentified.However,statistical associations do not prove causality.By using Hill's nine criteria of causation,it becomes apparent that the evi-dence of a causal relationship is weak.Only bruxism,loss of posterior support and unilateral posterior crossbite show some consistency across studies.On the other hand,several reported occlusal features appear to be the consequence of TMDs,not their cause.Above all,however, biological plausibility for an occlusal aetiology is often difficult to establish,because TMDs are much more common among women than men. Symptom improvement after insertion of an oral splint or after occlusal adjustment does not prove an occlusal aetiology either,because the a-melioration may be due to the change of the appliance-induced intermaxillary relationship.In addition,symptoms often abate even in the ab-sence of therapy.Although patients with a TMD history might have a specific risk for developing TMD signs,it appears more rewarding to fo-cus on non-occlusal features that are known to have a potential for the predisposition,initiation or perpetuation of TMDs.

Objective To explore the causes of occupational exposure and methods of personal protection from occupational exposure.Methods Twenty seven cases with occupational exposure to HIV hospitalized in our hospital from 2003 to 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Of the 27 cases with occupational exposure to HIV,8 were policemen,4-physicians,12-nurses and 3-laboratory technicians.Of them 4(3 medical workers)were of skin exposure,17(16 medical workers)were injured by sharp devices,and 6(all policemen)were injured by scratch or bite.Post exposure prophylactic interventions were provided for all of them,and no infection was identified after 12 month medical observation.Conclusion Regular training of occupational exposure to HIV for medical workers and judicial staff will be needed.