Switching Mechanism At 5′ end of the RNA Transcript(SMART)is a technology used in biology researching,So far,there is no review only about SMART technology.So,the aim is to investigate the research developments of principles,methods and applications of the SMART technology.Based on some researches and combined with the review of the related literature at home and abroad,it analyzed and evaluated the latest development of the research on SMART.As the applications of the SMART technology expand in many fields day after day,it has been proved that the SMART technology is a very useful and efficient skill to construct full length cDNA library.As more and more researchers know this technology,the advantages of the SMART technology become obvious,and meanwhile the disadvantages of the SMART technology also show up.That is to say,the technology needed to be improved.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; therapy ; Catheter Ablation ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; therapy ; Liver Transplantation

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; surgery ; Hepatectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Liver Failure ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Liver Neoplasms ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy

ObjectiveTo observe and compare the efficacy of two types of microencapsulated rat islets xenotransplanted into diabetic mice. MethodsThe mice diabetic model made with injecting 3% Streptozotosin through tail vein. Four groups were assigned: control group, naked islet transplantation group, alginate-BaCl2 microencapsulated islet transplantation group, agarose-PSSa microencapsulated islet transplantation group.300 islets were transplanted under the renal envelope of each diabetic mice respectively. ResultsThere were no significant difference in mean level of the blood glucose before transplantation among four groups. One week after transplantation, the respective mean level of the blood glucose in four groups were (7.26±1.56) mmol/L in alginate-BaCl2 microencapsulated islet transplantation group, (7.14±1.04) mmol/L in agarose-PSSa microencapsulated islet transplantation group, (7.42±1.52) mmol/L in naked islet transplantation group and (22.54±1.24) mmol/L in control. There were significant difference between the two encapsulated islet groups and the other two groups. The survived period of the two encapsulated islet transplantation groups were longer than that of the other two groups. The survived period of the alginate-BaCl2 microencapsulated islet transplantation group was longer than that of the agarose-PSSa microencapsulated islet transplantation group (92 d vs 56 d),the same as the time of keeping nomal blood glucose level (76 d vs 41 d). ConclusionMicroencapsulated rat islets with this two materials can survive in diabetic mice with their biological activity, and the alginate-BaCl2 microcapsules are better than the agarose-PSSa microcapsules.

Objective To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different puncture positions in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Methods Three hundred fifty-six patients who underwent PCNL were analyzed from March 2012 to October 2015. The passage caliber was 16F-20F. There were 217 cases in prone position and 139 cases in supine position. Results The successful operation in PCNL was 354 cases , while the remaining 2 cases were performed by open surgery. The primary stone clearance rate was 75.5%. The additional PCNLs were performed in 23 cases, and 63 cases of residual calculi were treated by ESWL. 11 patients were treated due to infection or bleeding by the additional PCNLs. There were 3 cases with massive hemorrhage which were treated by Interventional embolization therapy , 12 cases in postoperative fever , no renal resection , no intestinal injury, no deaths. There was no significant difference in stone clearance rate and complication rate between the two groups. Conclusion The puncture position of PCNL can be optional based on the stone size , stone location, degree of hydronephrosis ,and patient′s cardiopulmonary condition individually.

Objective To study the image examination of renal injuries and discuss renal explorative indications so as to spare the kidney or nephron as much as possible and improve curative rate of diagnosis and treatment. Methods An analysis was done on 286 cases that included 231 cases with close injury, 54 with open injuries, one with iatrogenic injury and 91 with combined injuries. Of all, 212 cases were examined by B-ultrasonography, 163 by CT and 132 by intravenous urography(IVU) and 6 by digital subtraction angiography(DSA); 202 cases were treated with conservative treatment and 84 with operation. Results The diagnostic positive rates of IVU, B-ultrasonography and CT were 67.4%, 72.2% and 87.7%, respectively. Among the operation cases, 42 cases were treated by renal repair, 12 by partial nephrectomy and 30 by nephrectomy. The operation rate was 29.4% and the nephrectomy rate 35.5%. Interventional treatment of the kidney was carried out in three cases. Conclusions For renal injury cases, the first and most important step is to evaluate the injury condition so as to correctly determine whether an operation exploration is needed. The injury conditions and severity are mainly determined by the image examinations that change according to injury cause, injury type and clinical symptoms. Renal exploration or not, and the operation time exert great influence on renal reservation rate and complication rate.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; complications ; drug therapy ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Aged ; Heart Failure ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Objective:To determine risk factors for postoperative esophageal refractory stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of large-scale early esophageal carcinomas and precancerous lesions.Methods:Two hundred and twelve early esophageal carcinomas or precancerous lesions in 186 patients who underwent ESD larger than 3/4 the total esophageal circumference in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, between July 2013 and December 2017 were divided into two groups according to session number of endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD), the refractory stenosis group ( n=69, ≥6 EBD sessions) and non-refractory stenosis group ( n=117, ≤5 EBD sessions). Student′s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for univariate analysis and χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used for comparison of categorical variables. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results:Compared with the non-refractory stenosis group, the refractory stenosis group had statistically significant differences in the longitudinal diameter of lesions, the longitudinal diameter of artificial ulcer, lesion location, the circumferential range of lesions and the composition of the muscular layer injury (all P<0.05). After eliminating the factor of the vertical diameter of artificial ulcer (because there was significant correlation between the vertical diameter of artificial ulcer and the longitudinal diameter of lesion in clinical practice), multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the longitudinal diameter of lesion>5 cm (VS ≤5 cm: P=0.003, OR=3.531, 95% CI:1.547-8.060), the location of lesion in the upper thoracic segment (VS lower thoracic segment: P=0.001, OR=36.720, 95% CI:4.233-318.551), in the cervical segment (VS lower thoracic segment: P=0.003, OR=24.959, 95% CI:2.927-212.795), the whole circumferential lesion (VS ≥3/4 but not the whole circumference: P<0.001, OR=10.082, 95% CI:4.196-24.226) and the presence of muscular layer injury ( P<0.001, OR=7.128, 95% CI:2.748-18.486) were more likely to lead to esophageal refractory stenosis after ESD. Conclusion:The longitudinal lesion diameter of more than 5 cm, the circumferential extent of esophageal ESD, cervical or upper-thoracic esophageal lesions, and muscular layer damage are independent risk factors for postoperative esophageal refractory stenosis after ESD for large-scale esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) antibody on pancreatic encephalopathy in rats. MethodsSixty SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, acute necrotizing pancreatitis induction group and TNF-α antibody treated group. Acute hemorrhage necrotizing pancreatitis model in rats were induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatobiliary duct. Serum TNF-α was detected and animals were killed 12 h after drug administration. The changes of brain water contents, leucocyte accumulation and adhesion were measured, and pathological studies of pancreas and brain were performed. ResultsIn group of TNF-α antibody treated, serum TNF-α level decreased, brain water contents and leucocytes accumulation and adhension decreased significantly than that of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induction group (P<0.05). The histopathological change of pancrea was alleviative. ConclusionTNF-α antibody can alleviate the brain damage in acute hemorrhage necrotizing pancreatitis.