Objective: To reveal the current use of medication notebooks in clinical practice and the differences in submission rates of medication notebooks among patients with different sociodemographic and medical characteristics.
Methods: We conducted a survey of the submission rates by studying the medication history, from June 19, 2014, to July 3, 2014.
Results: The overall submission rate of returning patients was 57.1% and the submission rate of patients who visit a single medical institution was significantly lower than patients who visit more than two (55.4% vs. 67.7%, p<0.001).  Multivariate logistic regression also indicated significant differences between the single and multiple medical institution visit group (adjusted OR=2.74 [95% CI: 1.93-3.89], p<0.001).  Submission rates for patients in their 20, 30, and 50 s who visit a single medical institution were lower than 40%.
Conclusions: To improve the usefulness of the community pharmacy and increase the submission rate, we need to increase awareness of the importance of medication notebooks among patients who visit a single medical institution.  Additionally, future studies need to focus on factors such as age-related issues that might affect submission rates.

Objective: This study aimed to confirm whether the methods for assessing the reported causal relationship between dietary supplement intake and adverse events are reliable in the clinical setting.
Design: The relationships between supplement intake and adverse events were assessed using two algorithms proposed in our previous report, and causal relationships were evaluated.
Methods: Twelve raters with a high probability of handling adverse event information examined 200 records of dialogues with supplement users.  Each rater independently assessed the causal relationship using the two algorithms.  The relationships between supplement intake and adverse events were assessed for all 200 cases.  Variability in the evaluation among raters was analyzed for each occupation and the whole group of raters.  The distributions of evaluation were analyzed, and inter-rater reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Fleiss’ kappa coefficient.
Results: All events of 200 cases seemed to be slight and within the range of variation in daily life.  Almost all cases were classified into two categories as “Possible” and “Lack of Information” by each rater.  The ICC values for all raters, pharmacists, dieticians, and health care workers were 0.644, 0.573, 0.678, and 0.694, respectively, and the kappa coefficients using the two algorithms were 0.466, 0.426, 0.468, and 0.519 and 0.481, 0.478, 0.465, and 0.517, respectively.  There were moderate levels of agreement based on the kappa coefficients and ICC values.
Conclusion: The two algorithms proposed in our previous report may be reliable in the clinical setting.  Their reliability could be enhanced by establishing a unified method of accumulation and recording adverse events for supplement intake, which should be evaluated by more raters using more cases of adverse events.

BACKGROUND: Happiness may help to prevent negative physiological outcomes in response to life events; however, factors contributing to happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic have not been longitudinally investigated. This study explored the predictors of happiness in mothers of young children in Japan using comparable data that were obtained before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted the baseline survey in February 2020, and 4 months later, we also conducted the follow-up survey. Throughout all 47 prefectures in Japan, 4,700 (100 respondents/prefecture) mothers of infants and/or preschoolers (0-6 years) participated in the baseline online survey; 2,489 of these also participated in the follow-up survey. RESULTS: We performed hierarchical multiple regression analysis and our final model indicated that maternal happiness during COVID-19 pandemic was positively related to employment status (homemaker, β = 0.052, p = 0.014), levels of available social support (average, β = 0.052, p = 0.012, high, β = 0.055, p = 0.010) and happiness score before the pandemic (β = 0.467, p < 0.001), and satisfaction toward the measures against the COVID-19 at partners' workplace (average, β = 0.129, p < 0.001; high, β = 0.279, p < 0.001), preventive behavior against COVID-19 (average, β = 0.055, p = 0.002; high, β = 0.045, p = 0.015) and positive attitudes/thinking (β = 0.087, p < 0.001) during the pandemic. In contrast, poor mental health (K6 ≥5, β = -0.042, p = 0.011) before the pandemic and negative changes during the pandemic (≥3, β = -0.085, p < 0.001) were negatively related to maternal happiness during the pandemic. Our final model explained 44.9% of the variance in mothers' happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Satisfaction toward the measures against the COVID-19 at partners' workplace, preventive behavior, and positive attitudes/thinking were especially important for maternal happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future study is needed to consider measures against infectious diseases in the workplace that are desirable for the well-being of parents with young children, taking into account the gender perspective.
COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Mothers/psychology* ; Pandemics

Objective:The objectives were to assess regional differences in the safety outcomes of telaprevir-based triple therapy(T/PR) in Japan and evaluate a suitable generalized linear mixed model for estimating regional differences.Design and Methods:This study targeted individuals infected with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus registered in a nationwide Japanese interferon database from December 2009 to August 2015. The rate of dropout from treatmentattributable to adverse events was calculated in every prefecture where ≥ 20 cases were reported. We constructed the following four models and evaluated the best-fit model based on Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC):1)prefecture as a fixed-effect,2)prefecture and identified confounding factors as fixed-effects,3)prefecture as a random-effect,and 4)prefecture as a random-effect and identified confounding factors as fixed-effects.Results:A total of 25,989 individuals from 38 prefectures were registered during the study period;among them,1,591 from18 prefectures were included as the study population. The dropout rate ranged from 7.0 to 23.1%among 17 prefectures.The model considering prefecture as a random-effect and confounding factors as fixed-effects showed the best-fit for the databased on both the AIC (1,108.06)and BIC (1,113.41).Conclusion:It is difficult to determine if regional differences exist in the safety outcomes of T/PR in Japan because of the limited number of cases. However, the model using prefecture as a random-effect and other confounding factors as fixed-effects would be suitable for estimating parameters that reflect the influence of the prefecture. Further studies using the model would help inform chronic hepatitis C treatment.