Purpose: To compare the accuracy of nine intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas. Methods: This study is retrospective consecutive case series. A total of 228 eyes of 228 patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery between October 2015 and March 2021 were included. The accuracy of nine IOL calculation formulas (Kane, Emmetropia verifying optical version, Hill-radial basis function, Olsen, Barrett Universal II [Barrett II], Haigis, Holladay, Hoffer, and SRK/T) was compared and analyzed using differences between the predicted refractive power and actual refractive power at 2 months after cataract surgery. Mean prediction error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and the percentage of eyes that were within ± 0.50 diopters (D), ± 0.75 D, and ± 1.00 D of the target refraction were calculated for each formula. Results: For all eyes, Haigis formula was the most accurate in MAE, followed by Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, Haigis formula showed the highest accuracy. A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients had more than 25 mm axial length. Regarding MAE, Hoffer Q was the most accurate, followed by the Olsen formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, the Hoffer Q formula was the most accurate. A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients had more than 46 D keratometry. Regarding MAE and MedAE, Haigis was the most accurate, followed by the Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.5 D, Holladay formula was the most accurate. Conclusions Barrett II and Haigis formulas showed greater accuracy for all patients when we determined IOL power before cataract surgery. Hoffer Q, Olsen, and Barrett II formulas showed higher accuracy for long axial length. And Haigis and Barrett II were the most accurate for steep keratometry.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of cigarette prices on the decision to initiate and quit smoking by taking into account the interdependence of smoking and other behavioral risk factors. METHODS: The study population consisted of 3,000 male Koreans aged > or =20. A survey by telephone interview was undertaken to collect information on cigarette price, smoking and other behavioral risk factors. A two-part model was used to examine separately the effect of price on the decision to be a smoker, and on the amount of cigarettes smoked. RESULTS: The overall price elasticity of cigarettes was estimated at -0.66, with a price elasticity of -0.02 for smoking participation and -0.64 for the amount of cigarettes consumed by smokers. The inclusion of other behavioral risk factors reduced the estimated price elasticity for smoking participation substantially, but had no effect on the conditional price elasticity for the quantity of cigarettes smoked. CONCLUSIONS: From the public health and financial perspectives, an increase in cigarette price would significantly reduce smoking prevalence as well as cigarette consumption by smokers in Korea.
Adult ; *Costs and Cost Analysis ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Smoking/*economics/*prevention & control ; Social Environment ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Tobacco

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the willingness to quit cigarette price among Korean male adults, and to examine he factors affecting the willingness to quit cigarette price. METHODS: The data was collected by a random digit dial telephone survey. 702 samples were analyzed by using ttests, ANOVA and OLS regression analysis. To estimate the willingness to quit cigarette price, smokers were asked dichotomous questions with open-ended follow-up and the starting point of the price was randomized by one of 5 bid prices elicited from a pilot study. RESULTS: The mean of the willingness to quit cigarette price was 4,287 Won per package, which was about 2,000 Won higher than the mean of the actual price the smokers now paid. About 41% of respondents were willing to quit smoking if the price of cigarette would be increased by 3,000 Won, and if the price would be increased by 20,000 Won, all respondents were willing to quit smoking. The factors associated with the willingness to quit cigarette price were the place of residence, the amount of smoking and the degree of exposure to smoking through the mass media. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that to get people to quit smoking, increasing the cigarette price would obviously be effective and much higher prices have a greater effect. Furthermore, to enlarge the effect of increased cigarette prices, providing more cessation programs to small towns, reducing the amount of smoking and decreasing or prohibiting advertisements of cigarettes and smoking in the mass media will be efficient.
Adult ; *Commerce ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motivation ; Smoking/*economics/ethnology ; Smoking Cessation/*ethnology

Layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) of the cortex extend their basal dendrites near the soma and as apical dendritic tufts in layer 1, which mainly receive feedforward and feedback inputs, respectively. It is suggested that neuromodulators such as serotonin and acetylcholine may regulate the information flow between brain structures depending on the brain state. However, little is known about the dendritic compartment-specific induction of synaptic transmission in single PyNs.Here, we studied layer-specific serotonergic and cholinergic induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in L2/3 PyNs of the agranular insular cortex, a lateral component of the orbitofrontal cortex. Using FM1-43 dye unloading, we verified that local electrical stimulation to layers 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) activated axon terminals mostly located in L1 and perisomatic area (L2/3). Independent and AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential was evoked by local electrical stimulation of either L1 or L3. Application of serotonin (5-HT, 10 μM) induced activity-dependent longterm depression (LTD) in L2/3 but not in L1 inputs. LTD induced by 5-HT was blocked by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin, an NMDA receptor antagonist and by intracellular Ca2+ chelation. The 5-HT2 receptor agonist α-me-5-HT mimicked the LTD induced by 5-HT. However, the application of carbachol induced muscarinic receptor-dependent LTD in both inputs. The differential layer-specific induction of LTD by neuromodulators might play an important role in information processing mechanism of the prefrontal cortex.

Layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) of the cortex extend their basal dendrites near the soma and as apical dendritic tufts in layer 1, which mainly receive feedforward and feedback inputs, respectively. It is suggested that neuromodulators such as serotonin and acetylcholine may regulate the information flow between brain structures depending on the brain state. However, little is known about the dendritic compartment-specific induction of synaptic transmission in single PyNs.Here, we studied layer-specific serotonergic and cholinergic induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in L2/3 PyNs of the agranular insular cortex, a lateral component of the orbitofrontal cortex. Using FM1-43 dye unloading, we verified that local electrical stimulation to layers 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) activated axon terminals mostly located in L1 and perisomatic area (L2/3). Independent and AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential was evoked by local electrical stimulation of either L1 or L3. Application of serotonin (5-HT, 10 μM) induced activity-dependent longterm depression (LTD) in L2/3 but not in L1 inputs. LTD induced by 5-HT was blocked by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin, an NMDA receptor antagonist and by intracellular Ca2+ chelation. The 5-HT2 receptor agonist α-me-5-HT mimicked the LTD induced by 5-HT. However, the application of carbachol induced muscarinic receptor-dependent LTD in both inputs. The differential layer-specific induction of LTD by neuromodulators might play an important role in information processing mechanism of the prefrontal cortex.

PURPOSE: This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta2). METHODS: Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS: Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-beta2, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Anger ; Breast Feeding* ; Child ; Child Care ; Colostrum ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ; Immunologic Factors ; Infant ; Linear Models ; Milk ; Milk, Human* ; Mothers ; Natural Childbirth ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Psychology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2

BACKGROUND: There has been a controversy on whether the association between weight and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was the influence of body fat component or lean body mass. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. METHODS: The subjects were 41 postmenopausal women older than 50 years old whose bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were assessed using DEXA and bioelectrical impedence. Aspects of socioeconomic status, postmenopausal period, exercise, smoking and alcohol use were checked. Osteoporosis was defined as any BMD which was 2.5 SD or more below the "young normal" adult. Non-osteoporosis was defined as all BMD above 2.5 SD below the "young normal" adult. Body composition, as continuous variables or ordinal variables, was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 58.5% (24/51) in subjects. The women with osteoporosis were older and had lower education level compared to the women with non-osteoporosis. There were significant differences in height (P=0.009), weight (P=0.043), protein mass (P=0.004), mineral mass (P=0.004), and fat-free mass (P=0.005) between the two groups. In contrast, fat mass, % body fat, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index were not significantly different between the two groups. As the tertile of mineral mass and fat-free mass increased, the prevalence of osteoporosis showed decreased trends. However, there was no significant trend according to fat mass tertiles. When factors of age was adjusted, osteoporosis prevalence decreased 0.7 fold with 1 kg increase in fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that fat-free mass rather than fat mass may be associated with BMD in postmenopausal women.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis* ; Postmenopause ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Waist-Hip Ratio

PURPOSE: To analyze the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in superior segmental optic hypoplasia (SSOH) patients and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with inferior visual field defects using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 patients with SSOH and 10 eyes of 10 patients with NTG were evaluated. The peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by OCT was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The mean RNFL thickness was not significantly different between SSOH patients (79.60 +/- 12.54 micrometer) and NTG patients (77.10 +/- 8.52 micrometer) (p = 0.089). Among the quadrant parameters, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). In a clock-hour analysis, the peripapillary RNFL thickness of the NTG group was significantly thicker than the SSOH group in 12, 1, and 2 o'clock (p = 0.029, 0.007, 0.043, respectively). In contrast, the peripapillary RNFL thickness of the SSOH group was significantly thicker than the SSOH group in 6, and 7 o'clock (p = 0.029, 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Peripapillary RNFL thickness in patients with SSOH was thinner than in those with NTG in the superonasal region, but thicker in the inferotemporal region indicating a different retinal nerve fiber defect pattern between the 2 diseases.
Eye ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Low Tension Glaucoma ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Nerve ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: Although obesity has been associated with imbalances in cardiac autonomic nervous system, it is unclear whether there are differential relationships between adiposity measures and heart rate variability (HRV) measures. We aimed to examine differences in the relationship between adiposity measures and HRV indices in a healthy Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 1409 non-smokers (811 males, 598 females) without known histories of cardiovascular (CV), endocrine, or neurological diseases underwent adiposity measurements [(body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat mass (PBF), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)], the HRV assessment (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LF/HF, and pNN50), and examination for CV risk factors (fasting glucose, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hs-CRP, and blood pressure). RESULTS: Compared with BMI and PBF, WHR was more strongly correlated with each HRV index and more likely to predict decreased HRV (<15 percentile vs. > or =15 percentile of each HRV index) in ROC curves analysis. In linear regression analysis, all adiposity measures were inversely associated with each HRV measure before adjusting for age, gender, and CV risk factors (p<0.05). After adjusting for the covariates, WHR was inversely related to RMSSD, LF, and pNN50; PBF with RMSSD, HF, and pNN50; BMI with RMSSD (p<0.05). The inversed association between HRV indices and the gender-specific WHR tertile was significant for subjects with BMI > or =25 kg/m2, but not for those with BMI <25 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: WHR and PBF appear to be better indicators for low HRV than BMI, and the association between abdominal adiposity and HRV may be stronger in overweight subjects.
*Adiposity ; Adult ; Female ; Heart/physiopathology ; Heart Diseases/complications/diagnosis/ethnology ; Heart Rate/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Obesity/*complications/*diagnosis/ethnology ; Overweight/complications/diagnosis/ethnology ; ROC Curve ; Regression Analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: In the present study we compared the intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery according to incisional techniques. METHODS: Patients who underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation were divided into 2 groups: clear corneal incision group (CC group), and scleral tunnel incision group (ST group). All complicated cases were excluded. IOP was measured preoperatively and at 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients (100 eyes) were enrolled in the present study; CC group (28 patients, 33 eyes), ST group (49 patients 67 eyes). Preoperative IOPs in both groups were not significantly different (p = 0.908, student's t-test). IOP in the CC group at 1 week after surgery significantly decreased 2.22 +/- 2.57 mm Hg compared to preoperative IOP (p < 0.001, repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc analysis), and the IOP of the ST group decreased 2.11 +/- 2.50 mm Hg (p < 0.001, repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc analysis). The lowered IOP was maintained for 24 months postoperatively. There was no significant difference in IOP change after surgery depending on incisional techniques (p = 0.848, repeated measures ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: There may be no difference in IOP lowering effect after surgery depending on incisional techniques.
Cataract* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Phacoemulsification