The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the high caries risk group of 12-year-old children in Korea. Oral health status and interview data were collected from 23,089 children aged 12 years who participated in the 2015 Korean Children’s Oral Health Survey. Subjects were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups according to the Significant caries (SiC) index, and the influence of each variable was analyzed. As a result of the study, the SiC index of the high-risk group was 5.08, which was about 9.6 times higher than the lowrisk group. The risk factors associated with the high-risk group were in the order of the number of sealant teeth, dental treatment demand for the past year, perceived oral health status, gender, region, frequency of snack intake per day, and use of oral hygiene aids. In order to improve the oral health of children, appropriate preventive treatment and oral health education should be carried out with reference to the items indicated as risk factors in the high-risk group of dental caries.

There are multitudinous obstacles in psychiatric inpatient treatment in the face of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition, there are few guidelines or recommendations for the operation of psychiatric wards in Korea. This study reviewed the impact and changed patterns of psychiatric hospitalization due to the COVID-19 pandemic and recommendations and cases for psychiatric hospitalization. From keyword search of electronic databases, a total of 72 studies was eligible to review. It was reported that the diagnostic distribution of the patient population requiring psychiatric hospitalization before and after COVID-19 might change, and the severity of hospitalized patients might become higher after COVID-19. Although a causal relationship could not be established at that time, a confirmed case of COVID-19 appeared to impact psychiatric symptoms. 1) Consistent screening tests and symptom monitoring, 2) proper wearing of masks and personal protective equipment by patients and treatment staff, 3) distancing and limiting the number of inpatients, 4) limiting unnecessary visits and visits by outsiders, 5) close cooperation and linkage between treatment staff, and 6) referral, were consistently recommended. In addition, several works recommended non-face-to-face visits during hospitalization for patient recovery, and some attempts were made to provide virtual psychotherapy or prescriptions. It is necessary to flexibly operate the details by accommodating the needs of the mental health system for psychiatric inpatient treatment in the pandemic period. Future attempts are necessary to search through systematic reviews by integrating the reported studies.

Considering that the aged population increases and the mobility problem is pointed out as a factor that indisposes the quality of life, cognition, and mood, it is important to understand and evaluate the elderly’s mobility. Factors that deteriorate mobility in the elderly include physical senility, various health changes including chronic diseases, polypharmacy as well as anticholinergics. Common mobility problems in old age are reduced gait speed, increased gait variability in walking length, careless walking, and frequent falls. Several studies have reported that decreased mobility and deterioration of gait can predict cognitive decline and emotional problems. Aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and balance exercise are suggested as therapeutic interventions for mobility problems. Active correction for factors that reduce mobility in the elderly and prescribing physical activity can conserve the elderly’s quality of life and help improve cognition and mood. There is a need for related research in the future.

Considering that the aged population increases and the mobility problem is pointed out as a factor that indisposes the quality of life, cognition, and mood, it is important to understand and evaluate the elderly’s mobility. Factors that deteriorate mobility in the elderly include physical senility, various health changes including chronic diseases, polypharmacy as well as anticholinergics. Common mobility problems in old age are reduced gait speed, increased gait variability in walking length, careless walking, and frequent falls. Several studies have reported that decreased mobility and deterioration of gait can predict cognitive decline and emotional problems. Aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and balance exercise are suggested as therapeutic interventions for mobility problems. Active correction for factors that reduce mobility in the elderly and prescribing physical activity can conserve the elderly’s quality of life and help improve cognition and mood. There is a need for related research in the future.

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of nine intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas. Methods: This study is retrospective consecutive case series. A total of 228 eyes of 228 patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery between October 2015 and March 2021 were included. The accuracy of nine IOL calculation formulas (Kane, Emmetropia verifying optical version, Hill-radial basis function, Olsen, Barrett Universal II [Barrett II], Haigis, Holladay, Hoffer, and SRK/T) was compared and analyzed using differences between the predicted refractive power and actual refractive power at 2 months after cataract surgery. Mean prediction error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and the percentage of eyes that were within ± 0.50 diopters (D), ± 0.75 D, and ± 1.00 D of the target refraction were calculated for each formula. Results: For all eyes, Haigis formula was the most accurate in MAE, followed by Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, Haigis formula showed the highest accuracy. A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients had more than 25 mm axial length. Regarding MAE, Hoffer Q was the most accurate, followed by the Olsen formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.50 D, the Hoffer Q formula was the most accurate. A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients had more than 46 D keratometry. Regarding MAE and MedAE, Haigis was the most accurate, followed by the Barrett II formula. Comparing the probability of MAE within 0.5 D, Holladay formula was the most accurate. Conclusions Barrett II and Haigis formulas showed greater accuracy for all patients when we determined IOL power before cataract surgery. Hoffer Q, Olsen, and Barrett II formulas showed higher accuracy for long axial length. And Haigis and Barrett II were the most accurate for steep keratometry.

With the development of body sensor technology, wearable health monitoring systems have been an emerging information technology in the 'ubiquitous health care' system. Wearable sensors enable long-term continuous physiological monitoring important in health promotion and management of many chronic disorders. In this paper, we present several wearable health monitoring systems developed by different countries and discuss emerging opportunities, as well as, existing challenges such as standardization, administration, validation, and discrepancy issues between technology and clinical implication.
Health Promotion ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Telemedicine

Epiblepharon is one of the most common eyelid abnormalities among Asian children. The anatomic defect in epiblepharon is the absence of the adhesion between the lower eyelid retractors and the anterior lamella. We performed a simple surgical technique to correct epiblephron on 131 patients from January 1990 to September 1996. Several burried 8-0 nylon sutures were placed to allow adhesion between the tarsal plate and the subcutaneous tissue of the superior incision and minimal amount of the redundant skin and orbicularis muscle were removed. The average age at operation was 6.7 years. 97 patients (90.7%) showed satisfactory results with 6.7 months of average follow-up period. Ten patients (9.3%) showed recurrence of cilia touch but only 2 patients underwent reoperation with good result. Complications were minimal including 2 suture abscess and 1 wound dehiscence.
Abscess ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Cilia ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Nylons ; Recurrence ; Reoperation ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Sutures ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) according to position using a portable rebound tonometer. METHODS: We measured the IOP values of 20 healthy volunteers (40 eyes) in the sitting, supine, right lateral decubitus and left decubitus positions with a portable rebound tonometer, and then analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. IOP in sitting position was also measured with a non-contact tonometer and a Goldmann applanation tonometer, and analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation analysis. Agreement among the 3 tonometers was calculated using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The IOP measured with rebound tonometer in the supine position was significantly higher than in the sitting position (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference in IOP between the supine and decubitus positions. In the decubitus position, there was no significant difference in IOP between the dependent and non-dependent eyes. IOP measurement using the rebound tonometer showed positive correlation with that of the noncontact and Goldmann applanation tonometers. CONCLUSIONS: In normal subjects, IOP measurement obtained with a rebound tonometer in the supine position was significantly higher than in the sitting position, but there was no significant difference in IOP between the supine and decubitus positions. A rebound tonometer may be useful for patients whose intraocular pressure measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer or non-contact tonometer is impossible. When using a portable rebound tonometer in bed-ridden or pediatric patients, we should pay attention to the interpretation of IOP in the supine position.
Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Iron-Dextran Complex* ; Supine Position

Computer densitometry using MATLAB 4.2b [The MathWorks, Inc.] was developed for the quantitiative measurement of diffuse retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] atrophy. Intra- and inter-operator reliability and clinical validity of densitometry were evaluated. Twenty-one RNFL photographs of 21 patients that show varying degrees of atrophy underwent computer densitometry by two operators on two separate occasions. And the association between RNFL measurements and retinal sensitivity was investigated. Coefficient of variation in the densitometric measurements was 1.2~5.4%. Intra-and inter-oprator reliabilities were excellent [Pearsons correlation coefficient > 0.96, p=0.00]. The agreement between total density variations in the upper and lower ninety degrees along the circle of 1.5 and 2.5 times optic disc radius and retinal sensitivity of Humphrey C30-2 visual field was moderate [Spearmans correlation coefficient=0.52 -0.54, p=0.00]. Computer densitometry of RNFL photographs provides objective and quantitative measurement of diffuse RNFL atrophy.
Atrophy ; Densitometry* ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers* ; Radius ; Retinaldehyde* ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta2). METHODS: Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS: Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-beta2, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Anger ; Breast Feeding* ; Child ; Child Care ; Colostrum ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ; Immunologic Factors ; Infant ; Linear Models ; Milk ; Milk, Human* ; Mothers ; Natural Childbirth ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Psychology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2