The Kisalaya cohort was established in 2008, providing integrated antenatal care (ANC) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in order to reduce adverse birth outcomes and pediatric HIV infections. The program used a mobile clinic model to deliver health education, ANC, and HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing and management to pregnant women in rural communities in southern India. This cohort includes pregnant women residing in 144 villages of the Mysuru taluk (a rural region) who received ANC through the mobile clinic and delivered their infants between 2008 and 2011. Of the 1,940 women registered for ANC at primary healthcare centers during this time period, 1,675 (75.6%) were enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort. Once women enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort gave birth, the cohort expanded to include the mother-infant dyads with a retention rate of 100% at follow-up visits at 15 days and at 6 months post-delivery. The baseline data collected during the Kisalaya study included both questionnaire-based data and laboratory-based investigations. Presently, a study entitled “Early life influences on adolescent mental health: a life course study of the Kisalaya birth cohort in south India” is in the process of data collection (2019-2020).

The Kisalaya cohort was established in 2008, providing integrated antenatal care (ANC) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in order to reduce adverse birth outcomes and pediatric HIV infections. The program used a mobile clinic model to deliver health education, ANC, and HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing and management to pregnant women in rural communities in southern India. This cohort includes pregnant women residing in 144 villages of the Mysuru taluk (a rural region) who received ANC through the mobile clinic and delivered their infants between 2008 and 2011. Of the 1,940 women registered for ANC at primary healthcare centers during this time period, 1,675 (75.6%) were enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort. Once women enrolled in the Kisalaya cohort gave birth, the cohort expanded to include the mother-infant dyads with a retention rate of 100% at follow-up visits at 15 days and at 6 months post-delivery. The baseline data collected during the Kisalaya study included both questionnaire-based data and laboratory-based investigations. Presently, a study entitled “Early life influences on adolescent mental health: a life course study of the Kisalaya birth cohort in south India” is in the process of data collection (2019-2020).

Dental fear and anxiety management in children is considered one of the biggest challenges in pediatric dentistry.Intranasal sedation is a promising technique for managing unco-operative pediatric patients with rapid onset, ease of administration, and minimal invasiveness. We aimed to review the efficacy, onset time, duration, and behavioral success of intranasal sedation agents in pediatric dental procedures and identify the most effective regimens for clinical practice.This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing intranasal sedation in children undergoing dental procedures. Primary outcomes were onset time, duration of sedation, and sedation success rates. The inclusion criteria were applied through search in six databases.Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Meta-analyses were carried out using RevMan software, where pooled odds ratios and weighted mean differences were calculated on efficacy outcomes.Eighteen RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria, where intranasal agents such as midazolam, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and their combinations were used. Meta analyses demonstrated intranasal sedation generally has a faster onset (moderate heterogeneity, I² = 40%) and is associated with greater success rates for achieving sedation than other methods. A combination of midazolam with ketamine or dexmedetomidine provided better results for both onset and behavioral success. The duration of sedation appears equivalent to oral or intravenous routes. Overall risk of bias was moderate due to blinding and selective reporting concerns.Midazolam, especially when combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine, yielded promising results in relation to rapid onset and success of sedation. However, further large-scale RCTs are necessary to standardize dosing protocols and ensure that these findings are validated and optimized for clinical applications.

Dental fear and anxiety management in children is considered one of the biggest challenges in pediatric dentistry.Intranasal sedation is a promising technique for managing unco-operative pediatric patients with rapid onset, ease of administration, and minimal invasiveness. We aimed to review the efficacy, onset time, duration, and behavioral success of intranasal sedation agents in pediatric dental procedures and identify the most effective regimens for clinical practice.This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing intranasal sedation in children undergoing dental procedures. Primary outcomes were onset time, duration of sedation, and sedation success rates. The inclusion criteria were applied through search in six databases.Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Meta-analyses were carried out using RevMan software, where pooled odds ratios and weighted mean differences were calculated on efficacy outcomes.Eighteen RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria, where intranasal agents such as midazolam, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and their combinations were used. Meta analyses demonstrated intranasal sedation generally has a faster onset (moderate heterogeneity, I² = 40%) and is associated with greater success rates for achieving sedation than other methods. A combination of midazolam with ketamine or dexmedetomidine provided better results for both onset and behavioral success. The duration of sedation appears equivalent to oral or intravenous routes. Overall risk of bias was moderate due to blinding and selective reporting concerns.Midazolam, especially when combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine, yielded promising results in relation to rapid onset and success of sedation. However, further large-scale RCTs are necessary to standardize dosing protocols and ensure that these findings are validated and optimized for clinical applications.

Dental fear and anxiety management in children is considered one of the biggest challenges in pediatric dentistry.Intranasal sedation is a promising technique for managing unco-operative pediatric patients with rapid onset, ease of administration, and minimal invasiveness. We aimed to review the efficacy, onset time, duration, and behavioral success of intranasal sedation agents in pediatric dental procedures and identify the most effective regimens for clinical practice.This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing intranasal sedation in children undergoing dental procedures. Primary outcomes were onset time, duration of sedation, and sedation success rates. The inclusion criteria were applied through search in six databases.Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Meta-analyses were carried out using RevMan software, where pooled odds ratios and weighted mean differences were calculated on efficacy outcomes.Eighteen RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria, where intranasal agents such as midazolam, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and their combinations were used. Meta analyses demonstrated intranasal sedation generally has a faster onset (moderate heterogeneity, I² = 40%) and is associated with greater success rates for achieving sedation than other methods. A combination of midazolam with ketamine or dexmedetomidine provided better results for both onset and behavioral success. The duration of sedation appears equivalent to oral or intravenous routes. Overall risk of bias was moderate due to blinding and selective reporting concerns.Midazolam, especially when combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine, yielded promising results in relation to rapid onset and success of sedation. However, further large-scale RCTs are necessary to standardize dosing protocols and ensure that these findings are validated and optimized for clinical applications.