No abstract available.
Kartagener Syndrome*

Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome

Abetalipoproteinemia ; Cilia ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome

Child ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Male

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessive genetic disorder of motile cilia with substantial genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Clinical features of PCD vary from one patient to another, and no single test has the sensitivity and specificity to accurately diagnose PCD. Genetic testing combined with other auxiliary tests can facilitate the confirmatory diagnosis of PCD. So far more than 40 genes have been associated with PCD, but most research have focused on common genes, which hinders our understanding of other rare PCD-genes. This review has summarized the PCD-associated genes and the corresponding characteristics of dysfunctional cilia, with an aim to provide a basis for early identification of such diseases.
Cilia/genetics* ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome/genetics* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary disease characterized by airway mucociliary clearance dysfunction. The estimated prevalence of PCD is 1꞉10 000 to 1꞉20 000. The main respiratory manifestations in children are cough, expectoration, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, and chronic otitis media, while the most common symptoms in adults are chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and infertility. About 50% of patients with certain PCD-related gene variants are combined with situs inversus, and the incidence of congenital heart disease is also high. The pathogenesis behind PCD is that gene variants cause structural or functional disorders of respiratory cilia and motile cilia of other organs, leading to a series of heterogeneous clinical manifestations, which makes it difficult to identify and diagnose PCD. Combining different disease screening tools and understanding the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment for PCD.
Chronic Disease ; Cilia/pathology* ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome/genetics* ; Phenotype ; Sinusitis

The authors present a case of brain abscess in a patient with primary mucociliary transport failure. Primary mucociliary transport failure is unfamiliar term to neurosurgeon. It encompasses three hereditary disorders, that is, primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis and Young's syndrome. Clinical manifestations in these disorders appear to overlap each other, e.g., male infertility and chronic sinopulmonary infections. These are characterized by ciliary dysfunction or abnormality of mucus secretion therefore recurrent infection occurs in organs containing the mucociliary transport system. Major causes of non-traumatic brain abscess are sinusitis and pulmonary infection. So the possibility of brain abscess is much higher if mucociliary transport failure exists. Especially, young patients who have brain abscess coexisting with chronic sinopulmonary infection should be considered primary mucociliary transport failure.
Brain Abscess* ; Brain* ; Cystic Fibrosis ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Kartagener Syndrome ; Male ; Mucociliary Clearance* ; Mucus ; Sinusitis

OBJECTIVEAlthough primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a group of inherited diseases, accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical care to prevent and treat the complications could maintain patients' quality of life and normal life span. The diagnosis of PCD may often be delayed because it is frequently misdiagnosed as bronchitis, sinusitis and otitis. This study aimed to analyze and summarize the clinical features of PCD and explore diagnostic and differential diagnostic procedures in children.

METHODSPatients were all chosen from the inpatient department of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University between 1990 - 2006. The tunica mucosa bronchiorum and/or nasal mucous membrane were gained through bronchoscope in children suspected to have PCD. The ciliary ultrastructures were analyzed through the electron microscope. The clinical features and procedures of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis in children with PCD were analyzed.

RESULTSThere were totally 26 children diagnosed as PCD with 10 (38.5%) Kartagener syndrome. All Kartagener syndrome children had mirror image dextrocardia with normal cardiac structure and situs inversus viscerum. The bronchoscopy performed in eight of 10 Kartagener syndrome children showed bronchus transposition. Twenty-six children came from twenty-five families. Although the siblings of four probands also had the symptoms of chronic cough with sputum, running nose and recurrent respiratory infections, only a boy and his sister were diagnosed as Kartagener syndrome simultaneously. Their parents and the other family members were healthy. Of the 26 patients, 11 were boys and 15 were girls. The median age at diagnosis was 8.7 years. The age of onset was between the second day after delivery and fifteen years old, median age was 3 years. The course of disease before diagnosis was eleven days to twelve years (median 3.5 years). All the children had the symptom of cough, 24 of which had productive cough. Seven cases were found to have clubbing fingers. Dynein arm defect was found in 10 children, 6 of them had total absence of dynein arms and 4 had decreased dynein arm numbers. Microtube derangements were found in 8 children. One Kartagener syndrome child had a normal cilia structure. Bronchiectasis, consolidation and increased lung markings were found in 8, 6 and 7 patients separately on the radiographic study. Twenty patients had sinusitis. Nine of sixteen children had decreased PEF, FEV1 and/or FEF 25 - 75 on the pulmonary function test. Fifteen culture samples obtained from 6 children's sputum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were positive for 8 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2 strains of Candida albicans. In 1 subject more than one organism were found in the same sample. Hearing lost and gastroesophageal reflux were detected in 3 of 4 and 3 of 5 examined children respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe onset of PCD can occur from neonate to adolescence and usually has a chronic course. The common symptom of pediatric PCD was productive cough and significant growth retardation. The most common ultrastructural abnormalities associated with PCD were the total absence of dynein arms, decreased dynein arm numbers and microtube derangement. Some patients have normal ciliary structures. Bronchiectasis, consolidation and sinusitis were usually seen on the radiography. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the two common bacterial organisms obtained from sputum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of PCD children. Some patients have mixed infections. PCD children have high percentages of hearing lost and gastroesophageal reflux.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Kartagener Syndrome ; diagnosis ; Male

Primary ciliary dyskinesia encompasses a heterogenous group of inherited condition characterized by clinical, functional, and ultrastructural features. The transmission electronmicroscopic findings of nasal cilia in a 14-year old girl with primary ciliary dyskinesia were studied. The ultrastructure of axonemes showed normal outer membrane, dynein arms, microtubules, and nexin links but partial lack of radial spokes. The nature of the defective spoke is not clear and further studies will be necessary to determine how the radial spokes and central sheath interact and coordinate ciliary movement.
Adolescent ; Arm ; Axoneme ; Cilia ; Dyneins ; Female ; Humans ; Kartagener Syndrome* ; Membranes ; Microtubules