Energy expenditure during sport activities has been determined traditionally by the Douglas Bag Method and the Motion Time Study. However, those two methods do not yield accurate values when used in long continuous and/or vigorous physical activities. This study, therefore, measured oxygen uptake by means of a portable device “Oxylog”, and determined the energy expenditure of many sport activities. The experiments were carried out with 13 untrained male subjects (UTS), and 30 trained male subjects (TS) . The 30 trained men consited of ten tennis players, ten badminton players and ten basketball players. UTS played one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton), two sets of singles (table tennis), two games (bowling) and jogged 10 minutes, But TS played only their major sports : one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton) and two 20-minute halves (basketball) . The results were 0.172±0.017kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for jogging (UTS), 0.146±0.028kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for badminton (TS), 0.133±0.021kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for basketball (TS), 0.130±0.018kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for badminton (UTS), 0.102±0.016kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for tennis (TS), 0.096±0.014kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for tennis (UTS), 0.089±0.019kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for table tennis (UTS), and 0.055±0.009kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for bowling (UTS) . In comparison with UTS, TS exhibited higher values in tennis and badminton. This is considered to result from TS's better training. This result indicates that energy expenditure in playing sports activities depends on the level of player's ability. The method employed in of this study is believed to be the best choice at present. Many other sport activities must be reexamined in detail using this method.

Objective: To improve the discharge planning ability of ward nurses, we carried out case conferences for discharged patients involving both ward nurses and visiting nurses, and assessed their effects.Methods: We compared the discharge planning ability of ward nurses with and without experience in home visits before discharge. The study involved 74 nurses from eight wards in three hospitals. We analyzed changes in the discharge planning ability of the 62 nurses without home visit experience after the case conferences.Results: Ward nurses with experience in home visits before discharge had significantly higher discharge planning ability than those without such experience. After a case conference, the discharge planning ability significantly changed for nurses without experience in home visits. Their attitude toward home care changed, and they recognized its importance, associating it with the words "poor-rich", "dirty-clean", and "confined-free". They also scored higher on the Discharge Planning Process Evaluation Measurement (DCP-PEM) for "understands the importance of educating the patient's family", and "devises a plan taking health care needs into account", and on the Discharge Planning Process Scale for hospital ward nurses for "makes contact with a care manager as early as possible".Conclusions: Involving ward nurses in home visits before discharge and case conferences with visiting nurses were effective educational methods to improve their discharge planning ability in the affective and psychomotor domain.

Introduction: To clarify the gap between user satisfaction with home-visit nursing services and nurses' recognition of such satisfaction.Methods: A questionnaire survey on user satisfaction with home-visit nursing services was conducted involving 716 users and 112 nurses in charge, and the obtained data were analyzed to calculate the agreement rate between the users' satisfaction and the nurses' recognition.Results: The response rate was 61.1%. In total, 438 respondents were analyzed. Many users chose as an unsatisfactory nursing point. The percent agreement for satisfaction was 93.2%. The prevalence- and bias-adjusted kappa was 0.863. The users were satisfied and deemed so by the nurses in 92.5% of all cases, the former were not satisfied and deemed so by the latter in 0.7%, and the former were not satisfied, but they were deemed satisfied by the latter in 1.6%.Conclusion: This survey clarified nursing points not satisfying home-visit nursing service users, and the gap between users' satisfaction with these services and nurses' recognition of such satisfaction.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships between physical activity variables and physical fitness, and between amount and intensity of physical activity in children and adolescents. Subjects were divided into two groups : 178 children (99 boys aged 9.8±0.6 and 79 girls aged 9.7±0.6) who had not reached the age of peak height velocity (PHV), and 336 adolescents (141 boys aged 15.0±1.1 and 195 girls aged 15.3±1.2) who had reached the age of PHV. Physical activity level (PAL : total energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate) which indicates the amount of physical activity, and time engaged in each of physical activity intensity (light, moderate and vigorous), which indicates the intensity of physical activity were estimated from uni-axial accelerometer. Physical activity was monitored for 3 consecutives days : 2 weekday and 1 weekend day. Moreover, physical fitness test suggested by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology was applied. Results of this study showed that PAL was closely related to physical fitness in children, while time engaged in vigorous activity was more related to physical fitness in adolescents. On the other hand, time engaged in light and moderate activity was closely associated with PAL in younger girls, whereas in younger boys, PAL was closely related to time engaged in moderate and vigorous activity. However, time engaged in moderate activity was more related to PAL in the adolescent group. These results suggest that the relationship between physical activity variables and physical fitness and between amount and intensity of physical activity might vary according to the growth development of boys and girls respectively.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an interprofessional collaboration (IPC) scale for home health care for frail elderly. Methods: The first items of the IPC scale included collaboration members' attitudes, awareness, motivation, team strength, communication, relationships, information, care recipients' interests, effects, development, utilization of social resources, contributions to the community, and crisis management. The subjects were 512 care managers who work in home care support offices across Japan. They manage interprofessional collaboration in home health care for frail elderly who need care at 65 years old and above. The scale's construct validity, internal consistency, the validity of known groups, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability (193 subjects) were examined. Results: The final IPC scale's items consisted of four factors (37 items): the strength of interprofessional teams (16), the management of collaborative systems (7), effects of collaboration (8), and communication (6). Four factors explained 58.6% of the total explained variance. The modified model fit of the scale achieved acceptable levels. The Cronbach's α coefficient for all items was .97. The sum of communication factor in the cities/wards group was lower than those in the towns/villages group. There were differences between the sum and each factor with different levels of ease to collaborate. The intraclass correlation coefficient for all items in the first and second assessments was .875. Conclusions The validity and reliability of the IPC scale have been verified. This scale can be used to assess the IPC for home health care for frail elderly.