Randomized controlled trials are recognized as having the strongest type of study design for generating evidence on prevention of disease. They are, however, the most labor- and time-intensive and costly to conduct. Intervention studies on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas might serve as a model with relevance to the etiology of not only large bowel cancer but also other sites of neoplastic development. The results of intervention studies assessing the effect of calcium, antioxidants and fiber on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas have been conflicting, showing a beneficial effect in some cases but not others. There are methodological issues in intervention trials for colorectal cancer, regarding study subjects, end point, dose, interaction, duration and timing, and compliance, for example. Although relatively few trials have been conducted to investigate the effects of an explicit dietary change on the recurrence of adenoma, results obtained so far have demonstrated that modifying the lifestyle may reduce the risk of chronic diseases including cancer. Furthermore, recent progress in molecular epidemiology has allowed clarification of many of the molecular mechanisms underlying susceptibility. Eventually, it may be possible to target intervention programs to genetically susceptible individuals, including molecular targeting, for the prevention of cancer.

The effect of white rice (WR) mixed with high β-glucan-containing barley at 50% on improvement of postprandial blood glucose levels was assessed by meal tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 15 healthy subjects with normal glucose tolerance (age 31.6 ± 12.9 years old, 4 males and 11 females). A meal tolerance test (500 kcal) was conducted using 2 types of test meals: a test meal only with WR and a test meal WR mixed 50% barley, and the side dish was the same in both meals. Blood glucose levels of the subjects 180 minutes after ingestion of the test meals were compared. In addition, a CGM device was attached to the subjects for 2 days when the WR or barley as a staple food was provided 3 times a day for consecutive days, and the daily variation of glucose was investigated. The glucose levels 30 minutes after dietary loads and the area under the blood concentration-time curve over 180 minutes were significantly decreased in the barley consumption group. In CGM, 24-hour mean blood glucose and 24-hour standard deviation of blood glucose were also significantly decreased after ingestion of the barley. Postprandial glucose level elevation was suppressed by mixing high-β-glucan barley with WR in subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
Blood Glucose* ; Diet Therapy ; Eating ; Glucose* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hordeum* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Male ; Meals*

Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Diet ; Diet Therapy ; Eating ; Hordeum ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Male ; Meals