Objective To observe the effects of flunarizine on the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) of Wistar rats at different time points. Methods An ICH rat model was established by collagenase. The concentrations of intracellular free Ca 2+ at different time points after ICH were determined by the fluorescence detector with an indicator, Fura 2/AM. The effects of flunarizine on the concentrations at different time points were also observed. Results The concentration of intracellular free Ca 2+ began to increase at 0.5 h, increased significantly at 6 h, and peaked at 24 h (about 4 folds as high as that before hemorrhage), but began to decrease at 72 h after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Flunarizine decreased the concentration of intracellular free Ca 2+ significantly ( P

Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a kind of endogenous scaffold protein. Previous research showed that ANXA1 could increase markedly with multiple increase of drug resistance in K562/imatinib cell lines in vitro. Here the stable transfection cell strains K562-pEGFP-N1 which was the native control and K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 which can stably express ANXA1 were established using the Lipofectamine 2000 in order to find whether ANXA1 involved in the drug resistance. Cell growth inhibition experiment via MTT and cell proliferation experiment via MTS showed that K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain was more sensitive to imatinib than the K562-pEGFP-N1 cell strain, and however the ability of proliferation of K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain did not change compared with the negative control. Western blotting results showed that the expression of proteins in Annexin family did not change; drug resistance proteins, Bcr-Abl/p-Bcr-Abl (Tyr245), Src family kinase for example, did not change; proteins related with cell proliferation and cell cycle, such as ERK1/2MAPK, p-38MAPK, CDK1 and Wee 1, did not change either in the K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain compared with the negative control. The co-immunoprecipitation result showed that the interaction between ANXA1 and beta-actin in the K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain increased markedly. The deduction was that ANXA1 may make the K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain more sensitive to imatinib due to the increased uptake of imatinib via the increase of ANXA1 and the interaction between ANXA1 and beta-actin in the K562-pEGFP-N1-ANXA1 cell strain in vitro.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRV ) and digital subtraction arteriography (DSA ) in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Methods Twenty-nine patients with CVST admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital)from January 2008 to February 2014 were enrolled retrospectively. Eleven of them were males and 18 were females. Their course of disease ranged from 3 days to 3 months. Nine patients were in the acute phase (<1 week),12 were in the subacute phase (1-2 weeks),and 8 were in the chronic phase (>2 weeks). All the patients were underwent magnetic resonance (MR)(T1 or T2 weighted image ),three-dimensional MRV,and DSA examinations. Results DSA detected 29 and MRV detected 24 patients. MRI revealed 12 patients had cerebral infarction and 7 had cerebral infarct and hemorrhage. On T2-weighted sequences,16 patients showed the flow void effect of venous sinus disappeared,and thromboses with different signals in the sinuses. MRV showed part development of the veins in 14 cases and no development in 10 cases,including 4 with collateral circulation. Compared with DSA,the positive detection rate of MRV was 82. 8%. The lesion sites of 3 patients involving the transverse sinus and 2 involving the sagittal sinus were not detected on MRV. Conclusion Compared with DSA,the MRV has a certain percentage of missed diagnosis rate for CVST. In clinical work,if MRV diagnosis is negative,it can not exclude the diagnosis of CVST,and further DSA examination is needed.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the current situation of pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies in China.METHODS:A total of351papers on pharmacoeconomic evaluation,published in Chinese academic journals,issued before year2003,were systematically reviewed.RESULTS:It was improper and nonstandard that Chinese researcher handled the theories,methodologies and analysis techniques of pharmacoeconomic evaluation.CONCLUSION:Further academic communication and the initiative and formulation of the guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluation will be necessary to improve the research quality and clinically rational use of pharmaceuticals and serve the formulation of related policies.

OBJECTIVE:To provide scientific basis for the research quality of pharmacoeconomic on the domestic digestive system diseases.METHODS:The pharmacoeconomic research literatures published on professional academic magazines before2003were collected either by computer or by manual research,and which were then systematically evaluated.RESULTS:Some problems were found in the88pharmacoeconomic research literatures obtained,including the study perspective,design,result analysis and discussion of study.CONCLUSION:It is suggested a guideline for pharmacoeconomic research be made and the pharmacoeconomic research be further standardized,the academic exchanges and evaluation feedbacks be increased;meanwhile,personnel training should be emphasized for a better formulation of the related policies and the rational medication in the clinic.

Objective To assess the advantages and disadvantages of urine drainage by double-J ureteral stent or by percutaneous indwelling stent for pyeloplasty. Methods A total of 62 patients who had undergone pyeloplasty (6 patients had undergone operation on both sides) were reviewed.These patients had 68 sides of drainage during operation.The therapeutic effects,relevant complications and recoveries of 31 sides with internal stent and 37 with external stent for pyeloplasty were analyzed retrospectively. Results The rate of total postoperative complications such as hematuria,urinary tract infection,anastomotic leakage of urine or stenosis and urinary salt deposit in the internal drainage group (7/31,22.6%) was remarkably lower than that of the external drainage group (17/37,45.9%), P

The changes of calcium and magnesium content in brain tissue (BCa;BMg) and in the mitochondria (MCa,MMg) and calmodulin content in the cortex and hippocampus (CCaM,HCaM) were determined in the rats with 4-vessel-ligation cerebral ischemia.And then the therapeutic effects of nimodipine were observed during ischemic and.reperfusion stages of the brain.It was found that BMg and BMg were decreased and CCaM HCaM increased during both the ischemic and reperfusion stages and BCa and MCo were increased during the reperfusion stage.The fact that calcium content was only increased during the reperfusion stage indicates that the influx of calcium plays an important role to precipitate injury during the reperfusion stage.Adminstration of nimodipine could prevent the increase of calcium and calmodulin and the decrease of magnesium after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To detect the percentage of cultured neuron apoptosis after the neurons were treated with anoxia and specific inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). Methods After establishment of the model of neurons cultured under hypoxic condition, the neurons were cocultured with different concentrations of Rp-cAMP and Calphostin C, specific inhibitors of protein kinase A and C, respectively. Then neurons were cultured under an ischemic condition until the number of survived neurons, the activity of mPKA,and mPKC, and the apoptotic neurons stained by TUNEL in each group were observed. Results The activity of mPKA and mPKC significantly increased after the onset of hypoxia. With the increases in concentrations of Rp-cAMP or Calphostin C, the percentage of apoptotic neurons obviously decreased or increased, respectively. Conclusion The pathways of PKA and PKC signal transduction may participate in the hypoxic neuron injury. The functions of these two kinases are opposite for apoptotic regulation. It suggests that the signal transduction of PKA and PKC in hypoxic neurons belongs to a monophasic controlling system and the ratio of PKA to PKC in cells may determine the survival of hypoxic neurons.

Objective To explore the possible mechanism by which protein kinase C (PKC) involves in the neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion Methods After the model of ischemia/reperfusion was established in male Wistar rats, PKC activity, FOS protein expression and neuronal apoptosis in their brains were observed The effect of PKC inhibitor, Dengzhanghua, on above indexes were studied at the same time Results Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion resulted in transloactional activation of PKC, accompanied with the increase of FOS expression and neuronal apoptosis Dengzhanghua prevented against the above changes Conclusion Activated PKC is involved in ischemia/reperfusion induced neuronal apoptosis by regulating FOS expression

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of intravascular stenting (PTAS) and internal medicine in the treatment of secondary severe stroke in young patients with severe symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis.Methods The clinical data of 77 cases with severe symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis(ste nosis rate≥70％)confirmed by digital subtraction angiography(DSA) were collected retrospectively in our hospital from January 2011 to June 2015.The patients were divided into PTAS group and medical treatment group,and the data were collected including the modified Rankin Score (mRS score) at admission,the US National Institutes of Health Stroke volume neurological impairments score (NIHSS score)at admission,as well as mRS score,the recurrence of ischemic stroke,death and intracerebral hemorrhage within 1 year.Results The primary end-point rates within 30 days after enrollment in PTAS group and medical treatment group were 0％ and 5.77％ respectively,and the stroke recurrence rates within 1 year were 4.35％ and 13.46％ respectively,The differ ence was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Meanwhile,there was no death and intracerebral hemorrhage in both two groups.The rates of mRS≤1 were 91.30 ％ and 69.23 ％ respectively in PTAS group and medical treatment group,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The rates of mRS≤2 were 95.65 ％ and 84.62 ％ respectively in PTAS group and medical treat ment group,and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion PTAS is safe for the severe symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis,and is more efficient in dectasing the risk of recurrent stroke in young population compared with medical treatment.