BACKGROUND: The regeneration ability of skeletal muscle is limited, and cytokines play an important role in skeletal muscle repair. A variety of cells and regulatory molecules are involved in skeletal muscle repair. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technique is an advanced technology used to construct an in vitro multicellular system with biological activity and has aroused widely attention in skeletal muscle repair.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of proinflammatory cytokines and cell growth factors in skeletal muscle repair, and to summarize the advantages and application of 3D printing technology in skeletal muscle repair. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of PubMed and WanFang databases was conducted for the articles addressing the roles of cytokines and application of 3D printing technique in skeletal muscle injury published from 2002 to 2015. Totally 146 articles were searched firstly, and finally 45 eligible articles were enrolled in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, interleukin-4, play a critical role in skeletal muscle repair. Cell growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor can effectively promote the proliferation of myoblasts and cell differentiation into myotubes, further promoting the proliferation of skeleton satellite cells. Additionally, these cytokines act mutually, which is of great significance for skeletal muscle repair. 3D printing technology can quickly and accurately reproduce and reconstruct the complex structure of target tissues or organs, so it has been extensively applied in toxicology research, medical testing and basic experiments. The role of 3D printing technology in skeletal muscle repair will be a hotspot in the future.

Objective To explore an optimal scheme for diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute viral myocarditis (AVM) with an experience prescription of professor Zhang Zengying, Junkang oral liquid.Methods A prospective study was conducted. Sixty patients with AVM admitted into the Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) from March 2012 to January 2014 were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a treatment group (each, 30 cases). The patients in control group were treated with routine western medicine, including antiviral drugs, polarized solution, adenosine disodiu, and oxygen inhalation; while in treatment group, besides the comprehensive treatment in the control group, the patients were given Junkang oral liquid (main ingredients: Codonopsis pilosula, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Polygonatum odoratum, Notopterygii, Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis Hera, Forsythia suspensa, rhizome Ligustici Chunxiong, Hedyotis diffusa, Ophiopogonis tuber), 10 mL each time, three times a day; the treatment was consecutively applied for 3 months in both groups, 15 days constituting one therapeutic course. The changes of cardiac function [heart ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV)] and myocardial enzyme [creatine kinase (CK), MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], and the TCM syndrome integral score, symptoms and signs such as fever with chills, palpitation or severe palpitation, oppressed feeling in chest, deficiency of qi and disinclination to talk, dizziness, weakness and shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, body limb aches, premature beat shown on electrocardiogram (ECG) and curative effect were observed before and after treatment in the two groups.Results Compared with those before treatment, in the two groups after treatment, the EF and SV were significantly elevated, while the CK, CK-MB, AST, LDH, TCM syndrome integral score were obviously decreased, the degree of improvement in the treatment group being more prominent [EF: 0.601±0.088 vs. 0.538±0.084, SV (mL): 67.02±6.78 vs. 61.03±5.88, CK (U/L): 76.25±28.41 vs. 92.54±31.68, CK-MB (U/L): 18.34±8.94 vs. 22.45±9.70, AST (U/L): 31.29±14.28 vs.33.45±11.21, LDH (μmol·s-1·L-1): 2.28±0.51 vs. 2.34±0.68, TCM syndrome integral score: 12.34±1.24 vs. 18.36±1.98, allP < 0.05]; the degrees of improvement in symptoms and signs such as palpitation or severe palpitation, oppressed feeling in chest, shortness of breath, exhaustion, etc and the total effective rate of premature beat in treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group [palpitations or severe palpitation: 92.59% (25/27) vs. 75.87% (22/29), oppressed feeling in chest: 92.00% (23/25) vs. 76.92% (20/26), shortness of breath exhaustion: 90.00% (18/20) vs. 76.19% (16/21), premature beat: 88.24% (15/17) vs. 75.00% (12/16), allP < 0.05], and the comparisons of total effective rates between the two groups including fever with chills [100.00% (15/15) vs. 93.75% (15/16)], deficiency of qi and disinclination to talk [88.00% (22/25) vs. 83.33% (15/18)], dizziness [87.50% (7/8) vs. 80.00% (8/10)], spontaneous sweating or night sweating [86.67% (13/15) vs. 80.00% (12/15)] and body limb ache [91.67% (11/12) vs. 84.62% (11/13)] showed no statistical significant differences (allP > 0.05).Conclusion Junkang oral liquid can significantly improve the clinical symptoms in patients with AVM, reverse its acute course and control arrhythmia, showing the advantage in diagnosis and treatment with combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine.

Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture with different frequencies on learning and memory ability, synaptic morphology and synaptic density in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease rats. Methods Forty-eight healthy Wistar rats were randomly di-vided into normal group, sham operation group, model group, 2 Hz, 30 Hz and 50 Hz electroacupuncture groups with 8 cases in each group. The Alzheimer's disease model was established by injecting Aβ1-42 into two sides of lateral cerebral ventricle. The sham operation group was injected with normal saline instead. The electroacupuncture groups received electroacupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Shenshu (BL23) acu-points. The learning and memory ability was evaluated with Morris water maze test, and the morphology and density of synapse were ob-served by electron microscope. Results Compared with the model group, the latency was shorter, the time of crossing the platform was short-er and the number of crossing the platform was more in the electroacupuncture groups (P<0.01), especially in the 50 Hz electroacupuncture group (P<0.01). The number of synapse and the synaptic density were more in the electroacupuncture groups than in the model group (P<0.01), especially in the 50 Hz electroacupuncture group (P<0.01). Conclusion Electroacupuncture could improve learning and memory abili-ty and increase synaptic density in rats with Alzheimer's disease, especially with high frequency.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the general pattern and the characteristics of macrolides-induced anaphylactic shocks. METHODS:The original articles of 78 macrolides-induced anaphylactic shocks cases reported in Chinese medical science journals during the period from 1985 to 2009 were retrieved from CNKI literature base,and a related database was established for statistical analysis. RESULTS:Seven kinds of macrolides involved in the anaphylactic shocks,with azithromycin,erythromycin and kitasamycin respectively dominated the first 3 places. The anaphylactic shocks were predominantly induced by intravenous drip infusion(88.46%). Of all the 78 cases,4 cases were dead. CONCLUSION:Great attention should be paid to the macrolides-induced anaphylactic shocks in clinical practice to ensure medication safety.

Objective To determine the content of paeoniflorin with different medicinal parts in Radix Paeoniae Alba and offer a reference for collection and processing. Methods The content of paeoniflorin was measured by HPLC method. Combining air drying with weight relief condition, the content of paeoniflorin was calculated in fresh Radix Paeoniae Alba. Results There was the highest content of paeoniflorin in Radix Paeoniae Alba in 24～48 hours after collection, and the another increasing of the content was founded 120 hours after collection. Conclusion Radix Paeoniae Alba should be processed in 48 hours after collection.

ObjectiveTo study the synergistic effect of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and to explore their influence on osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs cultures. MethodsMouse BMSCs were cultured in phenol red-free α-MEM containing osteogenic supplements (OS) for inducing osteogenic differentiation. The temporal sequence of osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs cultures was assayed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and calcium deposition gene expression. The activation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 was detected by western blotting using phospho-specific MAP kinase antibody. BMSCs were treated with the inhibitor of p38MAPK pathway(SB203580) or ERK1/2 pathway (PD98059), and osteogenic differentiation was measured. BMSCs were treated with SB203580 or sodium arsenite(ARS), a strong activator of p38MAPK, and the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 was measured. BMSCs were treated with PP2A inhibitor, Okadaic acid(OA), the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and osteogenic differentiation were measured. lmmunoprecipitation was used to test the binding interaction between PP2A and ERK1/2, and the effect of SB203580 on the interaction. ResultsTreatment of BMSCs with osteogenic supplements resulted in activation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 that coincided with osteogenic differentiation. Inhibition of p38MAPK activation by SB203580, blocked the osteogenic differentiation, whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD98059, enhanced the osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.SB203580 treatment resulted in increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By contrast, ARS treatment resulted in decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of PP2A by OA resulted in increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. OS-induced osteogenic differentiation was also attenuated by PP2A inhibition. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the association of PP2A with ERK1/2 in BMSCs cultures, which was decreased by SB203580 treatment. ConclusionThe present study demonstrates a synergistic effect between p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways via PP2A in BMSCs cultures, which may regulate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

Objective To investigate the features of parental attachment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Experience in Close Relationship Scale Revised(ECR-R),Relationship Questionnaire(RQ) and Homemade General Situation Table was conducted among 164 parents of ADHD and 328 parents of normal children.Results The attachment repretation in fathers of children with ADHD showed that autonomous(43.9％ ) was lower than those of the control group (52.4％),dismissing type (41.5％ ) was higher than the normal group (34.1％),preoccupied( 12.2％ ) was higher than those in the control group (8.0％),unresolved type (2.4％) was lower than those of the control group (5.5％),the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05 ).The attachment repretation in mothers of children with ADHD showed that autonomous (40.2％) was lower than those of the control group (50.0％),dismissing type (30.5％) belowed the normal group (32.3％),preoccupied type ( 20.7％ ) higher than those in the control group ( 10.4％ ),unresolved type (8.5％) higher than those in the control group (7.3％),the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞0.05).Two groups had no statistical differences in paternal attachment anxiety,paternal attachment avoidance、maternal attachment anxiety and maternal attachment avoidance dimensions ( ( 3.44 + 0.97 ) vs ( 3.37 + 0.82 ),(3.70+0.57)vs(3.72 +0.57),(3.37+0.87) vs(3.36 +0.83),(3.74+0.68)vs(3.64±0.59),allP＞0.05).Conclusion There is no significant differences in the features of parental attachment between children with ADHD and normal children.

BACKGROUND:The peri-implant bone absorption is closely related to the repair effect. OBJECTIVE:To compare the effects of three kinds of dental implant systems on the peri-implant bone absorption. METHODS:116 patients who underwent the dental implant systems were col ected, including 46 cases with 3I implant system, 40 cases with ITI implant system and 30 cases with BLB implant system. The peri-implant bone absorption, sulcus bleeding index and periodontal probing depth of three groups were detected at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after implantation, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The peri-implant bone absorption of three groups within 1 year after implantation was in a rise, and the bone absorption of BLB group was significantly higher than that of ITI and 3I groups at 3 and 12 months after implantation (P<0.05). Compared with the natural teeth, the gingival sulcus bleeding index of three groups were al increased at different time points after implantation;the gingival sulcus bleeding index of BLB group was significantly higher than that of natural teeth at 6 months after implantation (P<0.05);the gingival sulcus bleeding index of three groups were significantly higher than that of natural teeth at 9 months after implantation (P<0.05). The periodontal probing depth of three groups showed an ascending trend at 6 months after implantation;the periodontal probing depth of three groups was higher than that of natural teeth at different time points after implantation, which exhibited significant differences at 6 and 9 months after implantation (P<0.05). In conclusion, three kinds of dental implant systems exhibit differet effects on the peri-implant bone absorption, but al achieve excel ent clinical efficacies.

Objective: To investigate the situation of road traffic injuries (RTIs) among middle school students in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the basis for implementation of interventions against RTIs among students. Methods: From 2021 to 2023, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 82 junior high school classes and 89 senior high school classes in Shaoxing City as the survey population. Data on basic information, commuting travel, road safety behaviors and road safety knowledge awareness were collected through questionnaires, and the prevalence of RTIs in the past year was analyzed. Results: A total of 6 287 middle school students were surveyed, and 971 cases of RTIs were reported, with a reporting rate of 15.44%. The reporting rate of RTIs was higher in males than in females (17.68% vs. 13.34%, P<0.05). The reporting rate of RTIs was higher in high school students than in junior high school students (17.70% vs. 12.66%, P<0.05). The students who mainly walked to school (18.00%), walked 5 days a week (17.82%) and traveled with classmates (17.58%) had higher reporting rates of RTIs. Among those who walked for ≥20 minutes, the reporting rate of RTIs was higher in males than in females (P<0.05). Among different road safety behaviors, the reporting rate of RTIs was higher in males than in females who used electronic devices (P<0.05). The reporting rates of RTIs were relatively high among students who played for ≥10 minutes on the way (32.92%), crossed traffic lights directly when being late for school (41.54%) and crossed traffic barriers directly (30.67%). The reporting rate of RTIs among middle school students decreased with the increase of road safety knowledge scores (P<0.05). Conclusions Male students, high school students, students with road risky behaviors and with low awareness of road safety knowledge have higher reporting rates of RTIs. It is necessary to strengthen road safety knowledge education for students.