Neuroblastoma(NB),the common extracranial solid tumor of childhood,is thought to derive from neural crest cells.In disialoganglioside (GD)2 is highly expressed on NB,whereas GD2 expression is weak and restricted to the central nervous system,peripheral pain fibers and skin melanocytes.Therefore,GD2 is an ideal antigen target for immunotherapy of NB.The research progress on GD2 as target for immunotherapy of NB was reviewed.

Objective:To establish a mouse model representing the cardinal features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-induced cachexia, and to investigate the changes in phenotype, metabolism and cachexia-related biomarkers.Methods:BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into control group ( n=6) and tumor group ( n=6). The cachexia model of pancreatic cancer was established in BALB/c nude mice by intraperitoneal injection of Panc01 cell line. The changes in body weight, food intake, grip strength and body composition were recorded over the course of tumor development. The animals were euthanized after 2 weeks and were examined for intraperitoneal metastasis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of cachexia related genes in muscle and adipose tissue and the expression of related inflammatory factors in peripheral blood. Results:The animals in tumor group showed an obvious cachexia phenotype, which was manifested by decreased food intake, lean body weight, and grip strength, and enhanced muscle catabolism. The wasting syndrome in this model was accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation and upregulated expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) in white adipose tissue. Haematological abnormalities included leukocytosis and anemia.Conclusions:Intraperitoneal injection of human pancreatic cancer cell Panc01 into nude mice is a reliable model for the study of cachexia, which recapitulates the key features of the pancreatic cancer progress and induces a wide array of cachexia manifestations. Therefore, this model is suitable for preclinical researches exploring the mechanism of cachexia related to pancreatic cancer and identifying novel therapies.

Objective:We aimed to develop a novel visualized model based on nomogram to predict postoperative overall survival.Methods:This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study, including participants with histologically confirmed gastric and colorectal cancer who underwent radical surgery from 11 medical centers in China from August 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018. Baseline characteristics, histopathological data and nutritional status, as assessed using Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) score and the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment, were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and Cox regression were used to identify variables to be included in the predictive model. Internal and external validations were performed.Results:There were 681 and 127 patients in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. A total of 188 deaths were observed over a median follow-up period of 59 (range: 58 to 60) months. Two independent predictors of NRS 2002 and Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage were identified and incorporated into the prediction nomogram model together with the factor of age. The model's concordance index for 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival was 0.696, 0.724, and 0.738 in the training cohort and 0.801, 0.812, and 0.793 in the validation cohort, respectively.Conclusions:In this study, a new nomogram prediction model based on NRS 2002 score was developed and validated for predicting the overall postoperative survival of patients with gastric colorectal cancer. This model has good differentiation, calibration and clinical practicability in predicting the long-term survival rate of patients with gastrointestinal cancer after radical surgery.