For making a diagnosis of bladder Ca. the comparative study was performed on 12 cases with bladder washings and urine in cytology by the routine papanicolaou stins, and all of those were con firmed by cystoscopic examination. Results are as follows: 1. Bladder washing Cytology showed better results than urine cytology in 8 of 12 patients. 2. Of those cases, the significant cases were 83% on bladder washing cytology and 25% on urine of bladder cancer. 3. Neoplastic cells were found in 10 cases of the bladder washings, instead of 4 cases of bladder urine.
Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

For making a diagnosis of bladder Ca. the comparative study was performed on 12 cases with bladder washings and urine in cytology by the routine papanicolaou stins, and all of those were con firmed by cystoscopic examination. Results are as follows: 1. Bladder washing Cytology showed better results than urine cytology in 8 of 12 patients. 2. Of those cases, the significant cases were 83% on bladder washing cytology and 25% on urine of bladder cancer. 3. Neoplastic cells were found in 10 cases of the bladder washings, instead of 4 cases of bladder urine.
Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

A clinical and epidemiologic study was performed on urolithiasis in Korea. The subjected cases are all of the patients whom visited to Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University Hospital for 3 years. The emphasis of this study laid on regional distribution of urolithiasis or climate and attitude of working activity, so on. The following results were obtained: 1. The urolithiasis were found to be 216 cases (4.0%) in the all of the out-patients(5382 cases) for 3 years(1976-1979) 2. Age distribution was between 6 and 82 years old, shows the highest incidence in 2l to 50 years old(81.9%). 3. In 216 cases of out-patients, 159 cases were male and 57 cases in female with ratio of 2.8:1. 4. Specific location of the stones showed 75% in ureter, 18.5% in kidney, 5.5% in bladder, and other are 2 cases of urethra and prostatic stone. 5. The ureteral stone was located most frequently in the lower 1/3 of the ureter with 69.5% all ureteral stones. 6. The seasonal distribution of urolithiasis in Korea was found 33.8% in the summer season which is around July. 7. Urinary calculi in this study were much more likely to found individuals who have sedentary occupation of 30.5% of all cases 8. The highest incidence of urolithiasis in Korea indicated the province of Jeon Buk (14.3%), next place is the province of Kyung Buk and Kyung Hee, like this order.
Age Distribution ; Aged, 80 and over ; Climate ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Korea* ; Male ; Occupations ; Outpatients ; Seasons ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi ; Urolithiasis* ; Urology

This study was conducted to investigate potential differences in vaccine efficacy between patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Additionally, the study proved the influence of vaccination timing on vaccine efficacy during active chemotherapy. Anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG binding antibody assays and surrogate neutralizing antibody assays were performed after BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination in 45 solid cancer patients (23 adjuvant and 22 palliative chemotherapy) and in 24 healthy controls before vaccination (baseline), at every two to four weeks after the first (post-dose 1) and the second vaccination (post-dose 2). The levels of anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies increased significantly from baseline through post-dose 1 to post-dose 2 in all three groups. At the post-dose 1, the anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were significantly lower in cancer patients than in healthy controls. However, by post-dose 2, the seropositivity of anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies uniformly reached 100% across all groups, with no significant disparity in antibody levels among the three groups. Moreover, the antibody titers were not significantly different between patients with a vaccine and chemotherapy interval of more than 14 days or those with less than 14 days. This study demonstrated that after second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, humoral immune responses in patients receiving chemotherapy were comparable to those of healthy controls, regardless of whether the purpose of the anti-cancer treatment was palliative or adjuvant. Furthermore, the timing of vaccination did not affect the level of humoral immunity after the second vaccination.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the nationwide prevalence of Ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and to characterize genotypes of ESBLs. METHODS: During the period of February through July, 2003, E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolates were collected from 12 hospitals in Korea. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested by disk diffusion method, and ESBL-production was determined by the double-disk synergy test. MICs of beta-lactam antibiotics were tested by agar dilution method. Searches for bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M, bla PER-1, bla VEB, bla IBC, bla GES and bla TLA genes were performed by PCR amplification, and the genotypes of ESBLs were determined by direct nucleotide sequence analysis of amplified products. RESULTS: Resistance rates of E.coli (n=246) and K.pneumoniae (n=239) isolates to ceftazidime were 8.5% and 20.1%, respectively. Most prevalent Ambler class A ESBL genotypes in E.coli isolates were bla CTX-M-15 (n=4) and bla CTX-M-3 (n=3), and each of bla CTX-M-14, bla SHV-12, and bla TEM-52 gene was also found in one isolate. Most prevalent ESBL genotypes in K.pneumoniae were bla SHV-12 (n=30) and bla CTX-M-3 (n=13), and bla CTX-M-14 (n=5). bla SHV-2a (n=3), bla SHV-5 (n=2), bla TEM-52 (n=1), bla GES-3 (n=2) genes were also found. CONCLUSION: CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolates are spreading, and a GES-type ESBL has emerged in Korea.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Base Sequence ; beta-Lactamases ; Ceftazidime ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Genotype ; Klebsiella pneumoniae* ; Klebsiella* ; Korea* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to survey nationwide susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates against cefotaxime and to determine the prevalences of CTX-Mtype extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs). METHODS: During the period of February to July, 2003, E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 12 hospitals. Antimicrobial susceptibilities to cefotaxime were tested by the disk diffusion method. ESBL production was determined by the double disk synergy test. Cefotaxime-resistance of the ESBL-producers was transfered to E. coli DH5alphaand E. coli Top10-F by transformation. MICs of beta-lactam antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. Searches for blaCTX-M genes was performed by PCR amplication; pIs of beta-lactamases were determined by isoelectric focusing. RESULTS: Among 230 isolates of E. coli and 232 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 27 (11.7%) and 79 (34.1%) were intermediate or resistant to cefotaxime, respectively. Twenty-four (10.4%) isolates of E. coli and 58 (25.0%) K. pneumoniae isolates showed positive results in the double disk synergy test. Three isolates of E. coli and 13 K. pneumoniae isolates harbored blaCTX-M-3 gene, 4 E. coli isolates harbored blaCTX-M-15 gene, and 1 E. coli and 5 K. pneumoniae isolates harbored blaCTX-M-14 gene. CONCLUSION: E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates producing CTX-M-type ESBLs were not uncommon in Korean hospitals. It is thought that periodical surveys are necessary for inspecting the spread of CTX-M-type ESBL genes are necessary.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; beta-Lactamases ; Cefotaxime ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Klebsiella pneumoniae* ; Klebsiella* ; Korea* ; Pneumonia ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to survey the nation-wide susceptibilities of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates against ceftazidime and cefotaxime and to determine the prevalence of class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). METHODS: During the period of February to July 2004, K. pneumoniae isolates intermediate or resistant to ceftazidime and/or cefotaxime were collected from 12 hospitals in Korea. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the disk diffusion and the agar dilution methods and ESBL-production was by double-disk synergy test. Ceftazidime or cefotaxime-resistance determinants of the ESBLproducers were transfered to Escherichia coli J53 by transconjugation. Searches for class A ESBL genes were performed by PCR amplication. RESULTS: Among 212 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates, 172 (81%) isolates showed positive results in double-disk synergy test; the most prevalent ESBL was SHV-12 (n=104). Genes encoding ESBLs including SHV-2 (n=6), SHV-2a (n=17), CTX-M-3 (n=18), CTX-M-9 (n=6), CTX-M-12 (n=1), CTX-M- 14 (n=27), CTX-M-15 (n=3), and a novel CTX-M-type beta-lactamases were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that diversity of ESBLs in K. pneumoniae isolates are increasing in Korea. CTX-M-12 has never been reported in Asia, and a novel CTX-M-type ESBL has emerged.
Agar ; Asia ; beta-Lactamases ; Cefotaxime ; Ceftazidime ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli ; Klebsiella pneumoniae* ; Klebsiella* ; Korea ; Pneumonia ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND: Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were evaluated to determine the prevalence and genotypes of Ambler class A extended-spectrum beta -lactamases (ESBLs). METHODS: Clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from 12 hospitals from February through July, 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, and ESBLproduction was determined by double-disk synergy test. TEM, SHV, CTX-M, PER-1, VEB, IBC, GES, and TLA type ESBL genes were detected by PCR amplifications, and the PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing. RESULTS: The double-disk synergy test was positive in 90.9% (149 in 164) of the ceftazidime- or cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates. The most prevalent types of Ambler class A ESBLs in E. coliisolates were CTX-M-15 (n=53). CTX-M-14 (n=24), CTX-M-3 (n=9), CTX-M-9 (n=3), CTX-M-12 (n=3), SHV-2a (n=1), SHV-12 (n=5) and TEM-52 (n=3) were also found. CTX-M-12 ESBL had never been reported before in Korea. CONCLUSIONS: CTX-M type ESBL-producing E. coli isolates are spreading and CTX-M-12 is emerging in Korea.
Agar ; beta-Lactamases* ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli* ; Genotype ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence

PURPOSES: To investigate the viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Korean adults, we have detected respiratory viruses (Respiatory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza virus and parainfluenza virus) in the way of prospective, multi-center study. METHODS: From July 1997 to April 2000, nasal aspirates or sputum were obtained from adults patients with community pneumonia admitted to the participating hospitals and transferred immediately to the central laboratory in the Seoul National University Children's Hospital. The specimens were divided into three parts. One part was used for indirect immunofluorescent test for respiratory viruses, the other part for the culture of RSV and adenovirus in HEp-2 cell monolayer. Another part was used for the culture of influenza virus and parainfluenza virus in MDCK or LLC- MK2 cell monolayers. RESULTS: Of 317 samples, 32 (10.1%) specimens were positive for viral isolation by indirect IF staining or culture, including one dual-infected specimen (adenovirus and parainfluenza virus). Influenza virus was most commonly detected (16 specimens). Parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and RSV were detected in 10, 4 and 3 patients, respectively. All isolated influenza viruses were type A (H3N2 in 9 patients, H1N1 in 2 and unspecified in 5), and 8 out of 10 parainfluenza virus isolates were type 3. CONCLUSION: Similar to previous foreign reports, a significant portion of community-acquired pneumonia in Korean adult is caused by respiratory viruses. Our data empathized the need of referral system for viral diagnosis and of nationwide investigation on respiratory virus infections.
Adenoviridae ; Adult* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pneumonia* ; Prospective Studies ; Referral and Consultation ; Seoul ; Sputum

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Despite progress in diagnostic techniques and treatments, management of pneumonia remains challenging, because the precise etiology remains uncertain in as many as 49 % of cases. The limitaions of identifying etiologic agents make it necessary to use empiric antibiotics in almost all patients, and furthermore emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms pose difficulties to the selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen. For the optimal choice of empirical antibiotics, we should know the frequency of etiologic agents and antimicrobial resistance rates in the community. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study of community-acquired pneumonia in Korea was carried out between May 1997 and April 2000. The microbiologic diagnosis was based on the results of sputum culture, blood culture and pleural culture. RESULTS: Five hundred eighty eight cases of community-acquired pneumonia in 562 patients admitted to the hospitals. The mean age was 59.9 with male predominance (58.3%), and 370 (63%) had underlyin gillness. The etiologic agents were identified in 38.3%, and the list of individual agents, in decreasing order, was Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.5%), viridans group streptococci (5.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.2%), Hemophillus Influenza (3.8%). The rates of admission to the intensive care unit was 10.4%. The motality was 7.1%. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6% and showed multidrug resistant. Forty percents of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. K. penumoniae were susceptible to cephalosporin and quinolone. CONCLUSION: In Korea, S. pneumoniae is the most important agent causing community-acquired pneumonia. Susceptible rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin was 36.6 % and showed multidrug resistant. Gram negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa showed high incidence when compared with that of other countries. Most of them had underlying diseases including bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Adult* ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bronchiectasis ; Diagnosis ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Gills ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Humans ; Incidence ; Influenza, Human ; Intensive Care Units ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Korea ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; Male ; Methicillin Resistance ; Mortality ; Penicillins ; Pneumonia* ; Prospective Studies* ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Sputum ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae