BACKGROUND: To provide basic data to help construct regional EMSS. METHOD: Using preformed questionnaire, authors investigated prospectively data of 214 patients transferred directly to emergency medical center from other hospitals from May 11 to june 10,1998. RESULTS: 1. Total 214 patients were transferred directly to the emergency medical center of KNUH (14.4% of total), and 63.5% of patients excluding children were non-traumatic patients. 2. The peak age group was 5th decade (19.6%) with mean age of49.6 years old. The male to female ratio was 1.8 : 1. 3. The period between 08 : 00 to 16 : 00 was the most frequent arrival time of transfer patients (42.5%), and the proportion of patients for surgical departments were more common than those for other departments (53.7%). 4. the majority of patients were transferred from secondary hospitals (91.6%), but among them the proportion of mild non-traumatic and mild traumatic patients was 52.3%, and 72.0%. 5. The decision-maker for transfer was a patient himself or family members in 32.3% of severe and 26.8(/) of mild non-traumatic patients, compared with 37.5% of severe and 26.8% of mild traumatic patients. 6. The physician-to-physician communication prior to the patient's transfer was not carried out in 90.8% of severe and 85.9% of mild non-traumatic patients, compared with 75.0%of severe and 67.0%of mild traumatic patients. 7. The hospital ambulance was the most common mode of transfer (64.5%), but non-emergency vehicles such as a taxi or a private car was used for transfer in 21.5% of severe non-traumatic patients, and 12.5% in severe traumatic patients. 8. Transfer accompanied by medical personnel took place in 15.4% of severe non-traumatic patients, 25.0% in severe traumatic patients, and in 27.0% of severe non-traumatic patients, and 44.4% in severe traumatic patients transferred 4 by hospital ambulance. 9. Transfer took less than 1 hour in 66.9% of non-traumatic patients, and 45.2% of traumatic patients, but it took 1 hour or more in 27.7% of severe non-traumatic patients, and 43.7% of severe traumatic patients. 10. Transfer record accompanied the patient in 90.2% of total, but radiologic film and results of laboratory tests did not in 36.9% and 56.9% of severe non-traumatic patients, and in 12.5% and 43.7% of severe traumatic patients. CONCLUSION: It is considered that an appropriate triage system, interhospital transfer guidelines, good transfer records, cooperative interhospital communication, emergency medical information center, public information with education about regional EMSS, improvement of equipment in ambulance, and training of emergency personnel are necessary for effective and well-organized EMSS.
Ambulances ; Child ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Female ; Humans ; Information Centers ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Triage

OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease(AD) and mild cognitive impairment(MCI) affect several nervous structures involved with the autonomic nervous system. Association between neuropsychiatric deficits and heart rate variability has been observed. But cardiac autonomic function in AD has been scarcely studied and the results reported are conflicting. We investigated autonomic function in normal control, MCI, AD using heart rate variabil-ity(HRV) technique. METHODS: Time and frequency-domain variability of 5-min R-R interval series was comparatively evaluated in 26 normal control subjects, 22 MCI subjects and 34 AD subjects. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) was used to compare the differences across groups. Correlations between MMSE-KC and HRV components were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed among the groups in time, frequency-domain analysis of HRV (p>0.05). HRV were not found to be significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in HRV with MCI, AD subjects when compared with normal controls. Further investigation is required to use HRV technique as noninvasive parameters of MCI and AD.
Alzheimer Disease ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Mild Cognitive Impairment

"Mig is a gamma interferon-inducible T cell chemoattractant that is a member of the chemokine family of cytokines. In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of the Mig gene, we have characterized the Mig gene and compared its structure and regulatory sequences with that of its ciosest IP10 gene. The genomic organization of the Mig gene reveals three introns that interrupt the transcribed sequence into four functional domains with a single ""CAT""- and ""TATA""-like structure. Primer extension analysis was used to identify the transcriptional initiation site that is located 50 bp upstream to the methionine codon that begins the long open reading frame. Comparison of the intron-exon structure of this gene to the gene for IP10 establishes that both genes are interrupted in precisely the same positions within homologous codons. The similarity of the intron-exon structure of the Mig and IP10 genes further support the hypothesis that Mig and IP10 genes have evolved from a common ancestral gene by gene duplication. The 5'-flanking region of Mig gene shows no overall sequence similarity with that from its closest IP10 gene whose production is also affected by gamma interferon. However, there are regions including a sequence with similarity to the NFxB binding site, AP-1 binding site, and ISRE. The r-RF-1 binding site is well conserved from -204 to -194 from the transcription start site in the Mig gene. Given the importance of IFN-r for effective immunity in tuberculosis and induction of Mig and IP10 genes in macrophages by IFN-r, we demonstrated induction of the genes Mig and IP10 with different message levels in the THP-1 human monocytic cell lines stimulated with whole M. tuberculosis. Despite the very similarity in genomic organization and the overlap in biological activities between MIG and IP10, our data described herein further support the suggestion that these chemokines rnay role nonredundantly in vivo. Moreover, our studies done on the Mig gene should provide the structural framework for future studies and begin to dissect cis-acting DNA sequences that are critical for gene regulation mediated by cell surface receptors."
Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Chemokine CXCL9* ; Chemokines ; Codon ; Cytokines ; Gene Duplication ; Genome ; Humans* ; Interferons ; Introns ; Macrophages ; Methionine ; Open Reading Frames ; Transcription Factor AP-1 ; Transcription Initiation Site ; Tuberculosis

This is a case report of intestinal eosinophilic granuloma caused by Ascaris ova and worm which is supposed to be rare in Korea. Case: A 23 year old healthy female reached Pusan Sanitation Hospital with complaints of high fever and abdominal pain on December 3 in 1966. Examination: Her temperature was 99.6 F. Pulse 80. Abdominal palpation showed muscle rigidity and tenderness. On the right side of the abdomen diagnosis due to ruptured appendix was made, and a laparotomy was performed the same day. Operation: Intestinal perforation by a Ascaris worm in the caecum about 7 cm from the ileo-caecal junction was also found. The worm was liquefied already. The intestine was edematous . Numerous rice sized nodules were seen on the intestine. The omentum was markdly inflammed and was adhered with a fist size mass. The mass and appendix were also resected in order to do a histological study. Pathology: Two kinds of tissues were examined : one a mesenteric mass, the other lymph node. Microscopically, it showed intensive and entirely necrotic tissue in which numerous parasitic ova were surrounded by granulomatous inflammatory cells with eosinophiles . The parasitic ova were degenerative and partialy necrotic although they had three layers of egg shell which are identified with Ascaris ova.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; egg granuloma-case report ; eosinophile

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma*

The effect of androgen in the development of the normal prostate and the evolution of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatic adenocarcinoma has been proven. In addition to androgen, estrogen and progesterone are also thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and carcinoma. However, their exact roles are not yet known because there is no conclusive evidence. Thirty cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of BPH were studied. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in epithelial and stromal cells, respectively was performed and the results were assessed semiquantitatively based on the number of positive cells per 100 total cells. Slides were scored as negative; less than 5% of cells, 1 ; 6~15% of cells, 2 ; 16~25% of cells, and 3 ; more than 26% of cells. The relationship between ER and PR expression and the patient's age, histologic grade, and clinical stage was evaluated in prostatic adenocarcinomas. ER was negative in epithelial and in stromal cells for all prostatic adenocarcinomas and BPH cases. The PR expression in epithelial cells and in stromal cells of BPH was noted in 15 (93.8%) and 16 (100.0%) out of 16, respectively. The PR expression of carcinoma cells and stromal cells in prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 28 (93.3%) and 23 out of 30 (76.7%), respectively. The PR immunoreactivities of stromal cells around carcinoma were 3 in 18 cases, 2 in one case, and 1 in 4 cases, but those of epithelial and stromal cells of BPH and carcinoma cells of prostatic carcinoma were similar to each other with a value of 3 in most cases. The PR expression rate of stromal cells around carcinoma was significantly correlated with the patient's age (p=0.044), but not with histologic grade and clinical stage. In summary, estrogen does not have a direct effect on the biological behavior of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma, but progesterone appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Further studies should clarify the biological role of progesterone in the human prostate.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Progesterone* ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

A femoral bone tumor causing a valgus deformity by affecting the growth plate was found. Long intramedullary diaphyseal tumor was separated by septum at the metapysis. Low grade chondrosarcoma was confirmed diagnosed by pathologists. Progressive limb deformity can be a sign of bone tumor in growing period.
Chondrosarcoma* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Extremities* ; Growth Plate

Radioactive (14)C-glucose(U) was given to Clonorchis sinensis in Tris buffer medium, in corder to trace the metabolic fate of the labelled carbon. The labelled carbon from glucose enters into intermediary metabolites and end products of anaeroblic glycolysis, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and of aerobic Krebs cycle. These product were identified by one or two-dimensional paper chromatography in combination with autoradoigraphy. The labelled metabolites detected in this experiment corresponded to pyruvic acid, latic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid. Amino acids, such as alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine, theronine, and serine, derived by the degradation of (14)C- glycose were also found. Labelled compounds behaving like alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were observed in the chroma to gram of incubation medium. The preciptation which suggests a positive reaction for protein occured when absolute ethanol was added to the incubation medium.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; autoradiography ; metabolism ; glucose

Mathematical models such as the negative binomial, Poisson and Polya-Eggenberger distributions were applied to the observed data of the number of metacercariae of Paragonimus iloktsuenensis in crab hosts, Sesarma dehaani which were collected in Hadong, South Kyong-sang Do, Korea. From the above analysis, it was found that the pattern of density of metacercariae of this lungfluke among the crab hosts was well fitted to the negative binomial distribution, rather than to the Poisson or Polya-Eggenberger distribution.
parasitology-helminth-trematode ; Paragonimus iloktsuenensis ; epidemiology ; mathematics ; metacercaria ; crab ; Sesarma dehaani

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis(AD) exibit multiple immune akno malities including elevated serum IgE levels and impaired cell mediated immunity, but basic immunology defect is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immnologic changes after treatment with Cyclosporin A(CsA) in AD patients. MEHTODS: Eight patients of severe AD were treated with CsA(4mg/kg body weight per day) for 5 weeks, and evaluated clinical and immunological parameters before aid after treatment. RESULTS: Peripheral blood eosinophil counts were significantly decreased after treatment(P<0.05), and serum IgE level was decressed but not significantly. In immediate hypersensitivity reaction by pinprick test, antigen score was.significantly decreased, and in the evaiuation of cell mediated immunity to recall antigens, total induration score was significantly increased(p<0.05). The number of helper T cell and helper/suppressor 7 cell ratio in peripheral blood, and the niimber of helper T and suppressor T cell in skin lesion were both significantly decreased after treatment(P<0.05). Clinical state after treatrnent was good in all of patients. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that CsA act on peripheral blood osinophil and immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction as well as helper T-cells in peripheral blood and skin lesion, and it may by useful in the treatrnent of severe AD.
Allergy and Immunology ; Body Weight ; Cyclosporine* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunoglobulin E ; Skin ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer