No abstract available.
Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms* ; Dimenhydrinate* ; Oncogenes* ; Rats, Wistar*

The purpose of this study was to examine the trends of length of hospital stay (LOS), which is most likely to be a major attribute to hospital performance From 1984 to 1994, an average LOS of each hospital was analyzed by factors such as medical departments, bed size, occupancy rate, region and ownership. This study was analyzed changing rate of LOS during 11 years. This rate was calculated by simple regression, which was used only with hospital without missing data during 11 years. This study findings are as follows. 1. The results indicated that the average LOS was steadily increased until 1990 but it was slightly decreased after 1990. 2. This trend could be found in all hospital scale and all group of occupancy rate. Specifically this trends of LOS were found in internal medicine, corporate owned hospitals, and hospitals in major city. But LOS of individual owned hospital was continuously increased until 1994. 3. Means of changing rates of LOS were calculated from 1984 to 1994. If we divided it into two parts, before 1990 and after 1990, most changing rates of LOS before 1990 except individual owned hospital were found positive sign. The changing rates after 1990 were negative sign but small hospital(lesser then 200 bed), individual owned hospital, national & public hospital and hospital in small urban have little change of LOS after 1990. Finally from this results we thought that most hospitals in korea began to be concerned with LOS. Nevertheless LOS of several hospital such as small hospital or individual owned hospital was increased. And this trend may be caused by a few patients, low occupancy rate, or low profit. This trend of LOS is different from that of other countries. Perhaps this phenomenon is resulted from the reimbursement method. Because of fee for service reimbursement system in korea the hospitals didn't need to shorten LOS in order to save the cost and increase the profit. Therefore reform of hospital cost reimbursement method will be reduced to reduce hospital cost in korea. we thought that the korean health authority should consider the reimbursement method by unit of bundle of services, for example DRG and prepayment in the united states. This study presents some limitations such as on insight of severity of disease, case-mix measurement of hospital, and other clinical characteristics that can possibly affect LOS, However, this study reports an important trend in LOS from 1984 to 1994.
Diagnosis-Related Groups ; Fee-for-Service Plans ; Hospital Bed Capacity ; Hospital Costs ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Korea* ; Length of Stay* ; Ownership ; United States

The purpose of this study was to understand the effects a mother's degree of obesity has on her daughter's obesity index, psychological well-being index, and nutrient intakes. The daughters, as study subjects, were classified into two groups according to their mother's body mass index (BMI): an obese group [BMI>25 kg/m2, mother obesity group (MOG)] and a normal weight group [BMI<25 kg/m2, mother normal weight group (MNG)]. The daughters in MOG showed significantly higher percent ideal body weight values than the daughters in MNG (p<0.001). MOG and MNG had significantly different psychological well-being index scores in terms of being classified into a highly stressed group (p<0.001), potentially stressed group (p<0.05), and healthy group (p<0.001). Intakes of daily energy, protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, and iron were also significantly different (p<0.001) between MOG and MNG. In particular, the vitamin A and C intakes of the MNG daughters were significantly higher than those of the MOG daughters (p<0.001). Overall, the results showed that a mother's level of obesity was essentially related to her daughter's obesity index, psychological well-being index score, and nutrient intakes. Therefore, it seems necessary for mothers to maintain an ideal body weight to prevent obesity and diet related problems in their daughters.
Body Mass Index ; Diet ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Iron ; Mothers ; Niacin ; Nuclear Family ; Obesity ; Phosphorus ; Riboflavin ; Vitamin A

This study was performed to investigate the effects of regular exercise on dietary factors and obesity indices among 407 healthy adult males subjects. Subjects were classified into regular exercise group (REG) and irregular exercise group (IREG). Two hundred and thirteen subjects of REG excercised regularly 3 times (more than 30 minutes/time) per week during more than last 1 month or more. One hundred and ninety-four of IREG (n = 194) didn't regularly exercise during the last 1 month. Obesity indices were BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW (Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of REG were (22.1, 0.90 and 105.8) significantly lower than those of IREG (25.7, 0.98 and 117.7) respectively. The mean daily starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fish, milk, fats and processed food intakes of REG were significantly lower than those of IREG. And the mean daily vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IREG were significantly lower than REG. Energy intake of REG and IREG were 1968.2 kcal and 1978.9 kcal respectively. Vitamin C intake of IREG was significantly lower than REG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of REG were significantly lower than the IREG. Exercise regularity was positively related with obesity indices and dietary factors. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly to prevent obesity and cardiovascular disease in Korean adult males.
Adult* ; Agaricales ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beverages ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Eggs ; Energy Intake ; Fats ; Hip ; Humans ; Male* ; Meat ; Milk ; Niacin ; Obesity* ; Ovum ; Starch ; Vegetables

The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic profiles and diet quality in college women by their mother's diabetes mellitus status. The study subjects, all college women, were classified into two groups based on the their mother's diabetes mellitus status: the offspring group (OG) and the control group (CG). The OG exhibited significantly higher body mass indices (p<0.01), percentages of ideal body weight (p<0.05) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) values than the CG. Additionally, the OG showed significantly higher daily average intakes of total energy (p<0.05), fat (p<0.001), riboflavin (p<0.01) and calcium (0.01) than the CG. The indices of nutritional quality of protein (p<0.05) and Na (p<0.05) in the CG were significantly higher than those of the OG. However, we noted no significant differences in the mean adequacy ratio between the CG and OG. Overall, our results demonstrated that this factor appears to potentially be related to the subjects' mother's diabetes status. However, CG and OG were significantly different within normal range. Furthermore, nutrient adequacy indices in the CG were not assessed well in regard to energy, riboflavin, vitamin C, and calcium. Therefore, it appears that ideal body weight and diet quality should be controlled in order to prevent diabetes and diet-related problems, both in the CG and the OG.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolome ; Nutritive Value ; Reference Values ; Riboflavin

The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic profiles and diet quality in college women by their mother's diabetes mellitus status. The study subjects, all college women, were classified into two groups based on the their mother's diabetes mellitus status: the offspring group (OG) and the control group (CG). The OG exhibited significantly higher body mass indices (p<0.01), percentages of ideal body weight (p<0.05) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) values than the CG. Additionally, the OG showed significantly higher daily average intakes of total energy (p<0.05), fat (p<0.001), riboflavin (p<0.01) and calcium (0.01) than the CG. The indices of nutritional quality of protein (p<0.05) and Na (p<0.05) in the CG were significantly higher than those of the OG. However, we noted no significant differences in the mean adequacy ratio between the CG and OG. Overall, our results demonstrated that this factor appears to potentially be related to the subjects' mother's diabetes status. However, CG and OG were significantly different within normal range. Furthermore, nutrient adequacy indices in the CG were not assessed well in regard to energy, riboflavin, vitamin C, and calcium. Therefore, it appears that ideal body weight and diet quality should be controlled in order to prevent diabetes and diet-related problems, both in the CG and the OG.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolome ; Nutritive Value ; Reference Values ; Riboflavin

No abstract available.
Chronic Disease ; Glycemic Index

There has been increasing use of IPS Empress 2(R)owing to easy fabrication method, high esthetics similar to natural teeth, good marginal accuracy, and sufficient fracture strength. However, in clinical application, although a luting agent and the tooth cementation bonding procedure influence the marginal accuracy and fracture strength restoration, there has been a controversy in the selection of proper luting agent. This study was to measure the marginal fidelites and fracture strength of IPS Empress 2(R) crowns according to three cement types, Protec cem(R), Variolink II(R) and Panavia 21(R). After construction of 12 experimental dies for each group, IPS Empress 2(R)crowns were fabricated and luted the metal master die prepartion of the maxillary right premolar. Marginal gaps before cementation and after cementation were measured. Buccal incline on the functional cusp of specimens were loaded until the catastrophic failure and fracture strength was measured. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The range of gap was 34.04 +/- 4.84 micro meter before cementation and 37.88 +/- 5.00 micro meter after cementation, which showed significant difference by paired t-test (p<0.05). The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to measuring point proved to be not statistically significant by two-way ANOVA test (p>0.05). 2. The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to three cement types proved that The Variolink II(R) cement group had the least gap, 35.43 +/- 5.03 micro meter, and showed superior marginal accuracy while there existed statistic significance in Protec cem(R) cement group, 39.06 +/- 4.41 micro meter or Panavia 21(R)cement group, 39.16 +/- 4.39 micro meter by two-way ANOVA test and multiple range test (p<0.05). 3. The difference in the results from fractures strength testing according to three cement type groups proved to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The Variolink II(R) cement group shows the highest fracture strength of 1257.33 +/- 226.77 N, Panavia 21(R)cement group has 1098.08 +/- 138.45 N, and Protec cem(R) cement group represents the lowest fracture strength of 926.75 +/- 115.75 N. 4. Three different cement groups of different components showed acceptable marginal fidelity and fracture strength. It is concluded that IPS Empress 2(R)crowns luted using Variolink II(R) cement group had stronger fracture strength and smaller marginal gap than the other cement groups. Although Variolink II(R) resin cement seemed acceptable to clinical applications in IPS Empress 2(R)system, the IPS Empress 2(R)system still requires long-term research due to the lack of data in clinical applications
Bicuspid ; Cementation ; Ceramics* ; Crowns* ; Dental Cements ; Esthetics ; Resin Cements ; Tooth

This study was conducted to find and compare the effects of dietary habits on and obesity indices and nutrition intakes among four hundreds and seven healthy adults males subjects. Subjects were classified as regular meal group(RMG) and irregular meal group(IRMG). Two hundreds and thirteen subjects of RMG had regularly 3times meal(time and amount) per 1 day during more than last 6 month. One hudred and ninety four subjects of IRMG(n=194) were not had regularly meal during last 6 month. Obesity indices were BMI(Body Mass Index), WHR(Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW(Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of RMG and IRMG were 23.1, 0.91, 104.8 and 24.7, 0.93, 112.9. PIBW of IMG were significantly lower than IRMG(p<0.01). The mean daily intakes of starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fishes, milk, fats and processed food intakes of RMG were significantly lower than IRMG. And the mean daily intakes of vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IRMG were significantly lower than RMG. Energy intake of RMG and IRMG were 1978.2kcal and 1988.2kcal. For nutrient intake, vitamin C intake of IRMG was significantly lower than RMG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of RMG were significantly lower than the IRMG. Meal regularity was mainly related with obesity indices and nutrition intakes. Therefore, it might be necessary to manage meal regularity to prevent obesity and chronic disease in Korean adult males.
Adult* ; Agaricales ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beverages ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Eggs ; Energy Intake ; Fats ; Fishes ; Food Habits* ; Hip ; Humans ; Male* ; Meals ; Meat ; Milk ; Niacin ; Obesity* ; Ovum ; Starch ; Vegetables

No abstract available.
Hand* ; Humans