Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was a 36-amino acid peptide that biochemical structure to be resemble the pancreatic polypeptide in mammalian and it was first isolated from porcine brain by Tatemoto et al. (1982). It is now known to neurotransmitter or neuromodulator as well as it has important effects to sexual precocity, regulation of feeding behavior and function of pituitary gland in avians. The distribution and morphological study of NPY-immunoreactive neurons (NPY-IR) is studied in many experimental animal but in developing chick brain have been not studied. The present study provided the distribution and morphological study of NPY-IR in developing chick brain. The developing brain of Korean native chicks embryos at E8, E10, E12, E14, E16, E18, and E20 days of incubation were used. Experimental animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde through the left ventricle and aorta. The brains were removed and transferred 30% sucrose, and then cut on a cryostat into 60 mm-thick. The tissue immunostained with free-floating and avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method. The results obtained in this study are that followings. The numerous of NPY-IR first observed at E8 days in the telencephalon of neostriatum, ectostriatum, archistriatum intermedium pars ventralis, nucleus taeniae and paleostriatum agumentatum, at E12 days in telencephalon of hippocampus, at E14 days in telencephalon of hyperstriatum. In the telencephalon, NPY-IR distributed predominantly in neostriatum and ectostriatum. shape of neuron's that E8 days of incubation were oval shape neurons and increased days of chicks was sphere, oval and many multigonal shapes. Their processes were also omnidirectional. The process of neuron's that E8 days of incubation was observed a few and weak immunity and increased days of chicks was numerous and strong immunity. According to increasing the days the morphology of NPY-IR showed the tendency to increase their sizes and numbers. We suggest that the regional differences in the distribution of NPY-containing neuron types may reflect adaptations of local neuronal circuits for specialized functions.
Animals ; Aorta ; Brain ; Embryonic Structures ; Feeding Behavior ; Globus Pallidus ; Heart Ventricles ; Hippocampus ; Neostriatum ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptide Y* ; Neuropeptides* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Pancreatic Polypeptide ; Pituitary Gland ; Sucrose ; Taenia ; Telencephalon*

Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studing the neurologic disease because of the long-term survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition. In order to accomplish the this research, first of all another divided the laboratory animals 10groups. In this study of the long term water deprived condition investigated catecholamine synthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N- methyltransferase(PNMT) in the brain by using immunohistochemical stain. The results obtained in this study were summarized as following. 1. It were observed TH-IR cells in substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars reticular of Midbrian. Most of them were presented in pars compacta and ventral tegmental area, but a few in pars reticular. TH-IR cell decreased until the 5th water-deprived day, increased from the 10th water-deprived day to the 15th water-deprived day and redecreased in the 20th water-deprived day 2. In locus ceruleus and rubrospinal tract were observed TH-IR cells and a few DBH-IR cell. Therefore there was composed of dopaminergic neuron and noradrenergic neuron. 3. The quantity of dopamin in serum were decreased until the 4th water-deprived day, increased from the 5th water-deprived day, redecreased on the 15th water-deprived day and reincreased from the 20th water-deprived day.
Adrenergic Neurons ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Brain ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Gerbillinae* ; Locus Coeruleus ; Mesencephalon* ; Pons* ; Substantia Nigra ; Tyrosine ; Ventral Tegmental Area

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) was one of the intermediate filament group and used as an astrocyte marker. The numerous studies about GFAP immunoreactive cell's distribution were investigated for fetus, neonate and aged brains. There are several reports about that GFAP immunoreactive cells were appeared at early fetus and after birth. In cases of mammalian fetus radial glia cells migrated toward pial surface at early stage and revealed GFAP immunoreactivity by the immunostain. But in cases of rodents, they migrated at late gestation or after birth. This study, the GFAP immunoreactive cells' localizations and distribution in the fetuses (the 30 th, 45 th, 60 th, 90 th, 105 th, 120 th of gestation) and neonate mesencephalon of korean native goat were investigated by immunohistoche-mistry (ABC method). The results obtained in this study were summarized as followings; 1. Multipolar astrocytes at 60 days of gestation were found in midbrain, in 90 days of gestation were found in cerebral aqueduct. 2. Radial glial cell presented 60 days of gestation and process of GFAP immunoreaction was to stretch out from ventricular to pia mater and nonpolar immunoreactive cell was transformed to bipolar, monopolar and multipolar immunoreactive cell. 3. The number of GFAP immunoreactive cells of field were gradually decreased from 90 days of gestation till 105 days of gestation. But in 120 days of gestation and newborn were slightly increased. 4. Immunoreactivity of GFAP immunoreactive cells were gradually decreased from 95 days of gestation till 120 days of gestatioin. These results were suggested that radial glial cell of midbrain developed very earlier than that of cerebral aqueduct. However, cerebral aqueduct developed lately than that of midbrain, but faster developing than other.
Astrocytes ; Brain ; Cerebral Aqueduct ; Ependymoglial Cells ; Fetus* ; Goats* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intermediate Filaments ; Mesencephalon* ; Neuroglia ; Parturition ; Pia Mater ; Pregnancy ; Rodentia

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) was one of the intermediate filament group and used as an astrocyte marker. The numerous studies about GFAP immunoreactive cell's distribution were investigated for fetus, neonate and aged brains. There are several reports about that GFAP immunoreactive cells were appeared at early fetus or after birth. In cases of mammalian fetus radial glia cells migrated toward pial surface at early stage and revealed GFAP immunoreactivity by the immunostain. But in cases of rodents, they migrated last gestation or after birth. This study, the GFAP immunoreactive cells' localizations and distribution in the fetuses (the 30th, 45th, 60th, 90th, 95th, 105th 120th of gestation) and neonate telencephalon of Korean native goat were investigated by immunohisto-chemistry (ABC method). The results obtained in this study were summarized as followings; 1. Multipolar astrocytes of 60 days of gestation were found cerebral cortex, in 95 days of gestation were found cerebral medulla, in 105 days of gestation were found lateral ventricle. 2. Radial glial cell presented 45 days of gestation and process of GFAP immunoreactive was to stretch out from ventricular to pia mater. And the nonpolar immunoreactive cells were transformed bipolar immunoreactive cells and they were transformed to monopolar and multipolar immunoreactive cell. 3. The number of GFAP immunoreactive cells of a field were gradually increased from 45 days of gestation till 90 days of gestation and decreased from 90 days of gestation till 105 days of gestation. But in 120 days of gestation and newborn were slightly increased. 4. Immunoreactivity of GFAP immunoreactive cells were gradually decreased from 95 days of gestation till 120 days of gestatioin. However, most pia mater areas and ventricles had high immunoreactivity and medulla part had low immunoreactivity. These results were suggested that radial glial cell of cerebral cortex and cerebral medulla were developed faster than lateral ventricle.
Astrocytes ; Brain ; Cerebral Cortex ; Ependymoglial Cells ; Fetus* ; Goats* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intermediate Filaments ; Lateral Ventricles ; Neuroglia ; Parturition ; Pia Mater ; Pregnancy ; Rodentia ; Telencephalon*

Neuropeptide Y(NPY) was first isolated from porcine brain. This discovery has led some workers to study the distribution of this peptide in the central nervous system of various mammals. In this study examined the distribution pattern of NPY-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) neurons in the Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius coreae) cerebral cortex and striatum, using immunohistochemical method. The results obtained in this study were summarized as followings. 1. NPY-IR neurons distributed in all layer of cerebral cortex. The number of neurons were higher in layer V and VI than in layer I and IV. 2. The shape of neurons was predominantly round or oval in layer I and II, and triangular in layer V and VI. And the processes were parallel to pia mater in layer I and II and were vertical in layer III. 3. The highest number of NPY-IR neurons were found in the perirhinal cortex but a few distinct population were found in the retrosplenial cortex. 4. In stiatum NPY-IR neurons were observed only in caudate-putamen nucleus. 5. The Immunoreactive neurons in caudate-putamen varied in their shape, but most of them were triangular or multiform neurons had omnidirectional processes.
Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Corpus Striatum* ; Mammals ; Mice* ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptide Y* ; Neuropeptides* ; Pia Mater

No abstract available.
Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sarcopenic indices in relation to respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in elderly people. METHODS: This study included 65 volunteers over the age of 60 (30 men and 35 women). The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was measured using bioimpedance analysis. Limb muscle function was assessed by handgrip strength (HGS), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and gait speed. RMS was addressed by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) using a spirometer. The relationships between RMS and other sarcopenic indices were investigated using the Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, HGS, and SPPB. RESULTS: Both MIP and MEP were positively correlated with SMI (r=0.451 and r=0.388, respectively, p<0.05 in both). HGS showed a significant correlation with both MIP and MEP (r=0.560, p<0.01 and r=0.393, p<0.05, respectively). There was no significant correlation between gait speed and either MIP or MEP. The SPPB was positively correlated with MEP (r=0.436, p<0.05). In the multiple regression analysis, MIP was significantly associated with HGS and SMI (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively), while MEP was related only with HGS (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that respiratory muscles, especially inspiratory muscles, are significantly related to limb muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass. The clinical significance of MIP and MEP should be further investigated with prospective studies.
Aged* ; Extremities ; Gait ; Hand Strength* ; Hand* ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscles ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Muscles* ; Sarcopenia ; Spirometry ; Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Tsutsugamushi disease is an acute febrile disease in Korea. Some patients with tsutsugamushi disease have severe illness, which needs care in intensive care unit, and may die due to the disease. We analyzed the cases with tsutsugamushi disease who lived in Chuncheon and neighboring communities to find out clinical manifestations, laboratory findings especially in severe cases. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of the 81 cases who were diagnosed as tsutsugamushi in Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital from April, 1997 to December, 2002. We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings of the 81 cases, and the treatment results of 79 cases who recieved the treatment in this hospital. We also compared the characteristics of the patients between admission to general ward and intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS: Seventy three cases developed the disease in autumn. Seventy cases had fever. 58 cases had eschar in their bodies. With the doxycycline treatment, forty five cases subsided the fever within 48 hours, but in 13 cases, fever continued after 5 days of treatment. Twenty five cases were admitted to ICU, 8 cases among them were treated with ventilator, 3 cases died due to the multi-organ failure. When we compared the clinical characteristics of the patients admitted to ICU with those to general wards, leukocyte count, the level of BUN and creatinine were higher, the albumin level was lower in ICU patients than those of general ward patients. CONCLUSION: Tsutsugamushi disease can progress to severe disease, and be fatal to the patients. So it is necessary to diagnose early and treat carefully. We suggest that leukocyte count, BUN, creatinine, or albumin can be used to predict the prognosis.
Creatinine ; Doxycycline ; Fever ; Gangwon-do* ; Heart ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Leukocyte Count ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; Patients' Rooms ; Prognosis ; Scrub Typhus* ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: To evaluate the response rate and toxicity of combination chemotherapy including 5-fluorouracil (F), leucovorin (L), ifosfamide (I) and cisplatin (P) for the previously untreated patients with unresectable stage IIIB or IV non-small cell lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The doses of FLIP were 5-fluorouracil 800 mg/m2 CI days 1-5, leucovorin 20 mg/m2 IV days 1-5, ifosfamide 1000 mg/m2 CI days 1-3, cisplatin 100 mg/m2 IV day 1 respectively. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks until disease progression. Seventy-three previously untreated patients were enrolled. Age ranged from 30 to 73 (median 56 years); 43 were male, 30 female. Fifty-three patients had performance status (ECOG) 0-1 and 19 performance status 2. Twenty-two patients had stage IIIB and 51 stage IV. Follow-up ranged from 7+ to 160weeks (median 57 weeks). RESULTS: The overall response rate was 46.7% for 62 evaluable patients. (CR 1 patient, PR 28 patients) Median response duration was 24 weeks (range 1+ to 36+ weeks). Toxicity > Grade II (WHO) included: granulocytopenia 19.8%, anemia 13.5%, nausea and vomiting 31.5% stomatitis 46.5%, neuropathy 24.6%. CONCLUSION: FLIP chemotherapy was comparable to other combination chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with moderate toxicities.
Agranulocytosis ; Anemia ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Cisplatin* ; Disease Progression ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Female ; Fluorouracil* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ifosfamide* ; Leucovorin* ; Lung ; Male ; Nausea ; Stomatitis ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Vitamim B12 deficinecy is not a common disease and the causes and clinical findings were not clearly documented in Korea so far. Concerning that vitamin B12 deficiency caused by gastrectomy is not uncommon, we analysized the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency and clinical findings. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of cases diagnosed as vitamine B12 deficiency megaloblastic anemia in Hallym Medical Center from July, 1992 to Octorber, 2004. RESULTS: Forty five cases were included. Twenty five cases were performed gastrectomy and 8 cases had pernicious anemia, however the causes of 10 cases with vitamin B12 deficiency were not clear. The rate of the cases induced by gastrectomy were increased after 2001 compared with the rate before this point. Six cases were combined with iron deficient anemia. In five of the 6 cases who were combined with iron deficient anemia, the MCV and MCH were not increased. Forty three cases had anemia and anemia-associated symptoms such as dyspnea and weakness. Some of the cases complained diarrhea, numbness, or ataxia. CONCLUSION: We found that the gastrectomy was the dominant cause of vitamin B12 deficient megaloblastic anemia in this study. We suggest that vitamin B12 deficient megaloblastic anemia should be considered in follow-up of the cases of gastrectomy.
Anemia ; Anemia, Megaloblastic* ; Anemia, Pernicious ; Ataxia ; Diarrhea ; Dyspnea ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Hypesthesia ; Iron ; Korea ; Megaloblasts* ; Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency ; Vitamins*