No abstract available.
Korea* ; Tic Disorders* ; Tics*

No abstract available.
Anxiety* ; Hypochondriasis*

There are a number of published reports aimed at clarifying the effect of hormonal contracept -ives upon the quantity and quality of breast milk during postpartum and lactation periods. As to the volume of milk produced by breast feeding mothers, many authors seem to have agreed on a decrease as an established pattern in the periods following regular administration of oral contraceptives containing estrogen in varying dosage. The quality of milk following administration of hormonal contraceptives, however, remsins a controversial issue. Korea's experience in oral contraceptive is rather a brief one, but use of Eugynon has been widespread and frequent since this hormonal contraceptive was introduced into the national program in 1967. The authors have reviewed the potential significance of data concerning regular use of an oral contraceptive as affecting lactation, and have sought to clarify the interrelationship between the administration of Eugynon and quantity and quality of breast milk from mothers contracepting. with Eugynon in different periods following confinement. A total of 85 women, who were at different periods following deliveries, have been divided into, two groups, one comprising 28 women regularly taking oral pills and the other (57 women) not resorting to hormonal contraceptives if they were contracepting at all. 1. Milk Volume. In view of the possible influence of suckling on the amount of milk produced, efforts were made in this study to standardize the technique by extracting breastmilk by applying manual pressures on one side of the maw-nae, While the nipple on the other side was being sucked by the mother's own baby. The effetct of an exogenic ovarian hormone on the quantity as well as quality of breastmilk is generally understood to be inapparent until the drug is administered to women whose milk secreting function has been normalized. ") In the present study, it was observed that the decrease in the ammount of milk obtained from mothers in the periods following the 4th cycle of oral contraceptives or thereafter has turned out to be statistically insignificant. This result conforms i.u the findings by Tubari and others. It is assumed that it takes at lest 2 to 3 cycles of use before mammary glands are functionally adjusted to the use of exogenic hormonal contraceptives. 2. Specific Gravity and Composition of Milk There was no noticeable change in the protein and chloride content following continuous administration of ore.l contraceptives, while meaningful changes were observed in fat (increase) and calcium (decrease up to the 5th cycle use) contents. Also, there was a rather significant decrease in the specific gravity in the period following administration of the first cycle of the oral contraceptive. The findings from the present study partially conforms the results published by Ramadan and others, who reported that little change was noticed in the contents of total solids. ash, chlorides and lactose in the breast milk of women who had taken 4 cycles of ovosiston, although in our study lactose was not measured. Ramaden, however, reported that fat content did increase in the same milk, as in our study. A definitive conclusion, however, could not be made unless measures are taken to rule out the physiological changes of the maternal body affecting the composition of milks.
Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Chlorides ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Estrogens ; Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination ; Female ; Health Resorts ; Humans ; Lactation* ; Lactose ; Mammary Glands, Human ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Nipples ; Postpartum Period ; Specific Gravity

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to planimetrically measure the corpus callosum, cerebellum, pons and thalamus in the boys with autistic disorder and developmental language disorder. METHODS: The midsagittal brain MR images of 8 autistic and 8 developmental language disorder subjects who met the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria and 10 comparison subjects were collected. MR images were redigitalized with flatbed scanner and the data were analyzed with NIH IMAGE 1.61 software. Pixel counting and area measurements were done. The corpus callosum was divided into seven regions and the cerebellar vermis was divided into three regions. RESULTS: In autistic subjects, the rostrum of corpus callosum was found to have significantly smaller area than comparison and developmental language disorder subjects. In developmental language disorder subjects, the thalamus was significantly larger than comparison subjects. The cerebellar vermis and pons did not differ among three groups. CONCLUSION: The rostrum of the corpus callosum in autistic disorder was significantly smaller. This finding supports the theory of abnormal prefrontal lobe development in autistic disorder.
Autistic Disorder* ; Brain ; Cerebellum* ; Corpus Callosum* ; Language Development Disorders* ; Pons* ; Thalamus*

OBJECTIVES: Suicide is one of the most common causes of deaths in correctional institutions. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of suicide attempts and its related psycho-social factors in correctional institutions. METHODS: This study examined the characteristics of 101 suicide attempts from 2006 to 2007 in the two regional correctional headquarters. Thirty-seven male inmates (43 suicide attempts) and 40 matched controls were included in interviews and reviews of personal records. Psychiatric illnesses were examined using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and medical outcomes of their suicide attempts with the Lethality Scale of Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. RESULTS: Over a half of suicide attempts occurred in solitary cells and the most common method was hanging. Medically, 70% of the suicide attempts were more than severe. Poor social support, a lifetime history of suicide attempts, and incarceration were associated with suicide attempts. Additionally, psychiatric illnesses were more likely to increase the risk of suicide. CONCLUSION: This study implies that mental health issues and monitoring systems are important to reduce suicides in the correctional system. Regular checks and management of suicide risk and mental illness are crucial to prevent suicide in correctional institutions.
Cause of Death ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Risk Factors ; Suicide

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to tap the influence of the childhood and adolescent family environment and biogenetic temperament/character on the filial piety profile, i.e., its behavioral and emotional aspects in Korean college students. METHODS: Ninety-eight college students(male=49, female=49, the main study group) in the Seoul Metropolitan area were selected using multi-stage(randomized) cluster procedures. Their parents(N=174) became the 'generation' comparison group. The Filial Piety Scale was used to evaluate the perception of filial piety, both in 13 individual items and in two factor-analytically- produced behavioral and emotional aspects of filial piety. The Family Environment Scale was used to evaluate the childhood and adolescent family environment. The Temperament and Character Inventory was used to assess biogenetic temperament and character of the study subjects. RESULTS: Parents of college students scored significantly higher on filial piety items of familial harmony, responsibility/obligation, sacrifice, compensation, neighborhood harmony, and family continuity than their offspring did. There were no significant differences between study subjects and their parents in perceiving their family environment. Childhood environment with high moralethical emphasis and high achievement orientation was significantly correlated with the behavioral aspect of filial piety whereas cohesive and expressive family environment was shown to be linked to the emotional aspect of filial piety. Regarding the biogenetic temperament/character-filial piety relationship, low self-directedness was positively correlated with behavioral aspect of filial piety while high cooperativeness was positively correlated with emotional aspect of filial piety. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports distinct patterns of relationship between childhood family environment and the filial piety profile and between biogenetic temperament/character and the filial piety profile in Korean college students.
Adolescent ; Compensation and Redress ; Humans ; Parents ; Residence Characteristics ; Seoul ; Temperament

By means of retrospective quantitative neuroanatomic imaging, the authors assessed the corpus callosum and the lateral venticle in the boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The midsagittal cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum, divided into seven regions, and the axial ventricle-brain ratio were measured from magnetic resonance images of 18 boys with ADHD and 15 comparison boys. Two anterior regions, the menu and the rostral body, were found to have significantly smaller areas in the ADHD boys. There was no significantly difference in ventricle-brain ratio between ADHD and comparison boys. This finding supports the theory of abnormal frontal lobe development in ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Corpus Callosum* ; Frontal Lobe ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

To determine the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in a child psychiatric population, and to evaluate possible associations between types of abnormalities and patient's clinical characteristics, cytogenetic examination was performed on 604 patients. Demographic data, reasons for karyotyping, clinical signs, and other patient characteristics were assessed and correlated with the results from karyotyping. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 69 patients (11.3%); these were structural in 49 cases and numerical in 20. Inversion of chromosome nine was found in 15 subjects, trisomy of chromosome 21 in 11, and fragile X in five patients. When karyotyping was performed because of intellectual impairment or multiple developmental delay, significantly more abnormalities were found than average; when performed because autistic disorder was suspected, the number of abnormalities was significantly fewer. There were no differences in clinical variables between structural and numerical abnormalities, nor among nine types of chromosomal abnormalities, except that numerical abnormalities and polymorphism were found at a later age, and that walking was more delayed and IQ was lower in patients with Down syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities in child psychiatric populations; the close collaboration with geneticists and the use of more defined guidelines for cytogenetic investigation are important.
Adolescence ; Autistic Disorder/genetics ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities/genetics* ; Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/genetics* ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/genetics* ; Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis ; Human ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Mental Disorders/genetics* ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; Mental Retardation/genetics ; Mental Retardation/diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: This study was to develop the Korean version of Learning Disability Evaluation Scale(K-LDES), to examine the reliability and validity of it, and to establish the age norms of the K-LDES for assessing the specific learning disorder. METHODS: The normative group was composed of 720 children between the age of 6 and 12. The clinical group consisted of 27 children with learning disorder and 25 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder accompanying learning problem(mean age=108.44month+/-6.60, mean FSIQ=108.61+/-13.47). The K-LDES as administered to teachers of the normative and clinical groups. The KEDI-WISC and the Basic Learning Test(BLT) were administerd to the clinical group. RESULTS: The reliability coefficients(Cronbach's alpha) of the K-LDES were ranged .92-.97 and the correlation coefficients between the K-LDES subscales were moderate to high. The subscales of K-LDES were significantly correlated with the subtests of KEDI-WISC and BLT. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation resulted five factors, which are similar to those of original LDES, strongly supporting the construct validity of the K-LDES. There was significant differences between the normal and the clinical groups on six subscales of K-LDES except arithmetic subscale, implying that the K-LDES is a more valid measure for assesing reading and writing disorders. The discriminant power of each items were calculated, and 71 of the 88 items discriminated significantly between the normal and the clinical groups. In order to establish norms of K-LDES for six age levels, the means and standard deviations of subscale raw scores for normative group were used to calculate subscale standard scores at a given age, and LQ was determined by adding 7 subscale standard scores and being converted standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. CONCLUSION: K-LDES was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for screening specific learing disorder. The expectation is that K-LDES will be a useful teacher/mother rating measure for identifying learning disorder and providing information which may contribute to diagnosing and developing individualized educational program for identified problem areas.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Equidae ; Humans ; Learning Disorders* ; Learning* ; Mass Screening ; Principal Component Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Writing

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between temperament and character dimensions and family environments, and to investigate the influences of those factors on the antisocial personality traits in delinquent adolescents. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 160 male adolescents detained at the public prosecutor's office on the suspicion of crimes. To assess personality dimensions and family environmental factors, the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI) and the Family Environment Scale(FES) were completed. Antisocial personality traits were assessed by the number of antisocial personality disorder symptoms of the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised. RESULTS: Most of the TCI dimensions except Reward Dependence(RD) were highly correlated with the subscales of FES. Among temperament dimensions, Novelty Seeking(NS) and Persistence(P) were significantly affected by Organization, and Harm Avoidance(HA) was influenced by Expressiveness of FES. Self-Directednss(SD) was best predicted by Organization and Achievement-Orientation. While the Independence had significant effect on Cooperativeness, Expressiveness and Achievement-Orientation best predicted the level of Self-Transcendence(ST). On factor analysis, NS, HA, SD and ST were allocated to the same factors with subscales of FES. The level of antisocial personality trait was best predicted by NS, P and SD scores of TCI, and conflict subscale scores of FES. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that not only the character dimensions but also the temperament dimensions have close relationships with family environmental factors, and that the antisocial personality traits of delinquent adolescents may developed by the interaction between temperament/character dimensions and family environments.
Adolescent* ; Antisocial Personality Disorder* ; Crime ; Humans ; Personality Disorders ; Reward ; Temperament*