Several of the newer broad-spectrum, potent antibiotics are currently being used for the treatment of meningitis, ventriculitis, and shunt tract infection. The risk of complications following intrathecal administration of some of this newer antibiotics varies considerably. Possible complications of immediate or delayed seizure, cortical electrical depression, radiculopathy, transverse myelopathy, and arachnoiditis after intrathecal or intraventricular administration must be weighed against the potential value of this route. These risks may influence the therapeutic management of a specific clinical situation. Earlier studies have defined the effect of some of the well known older chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents on electrocortical activity. Some of the newer, commonly used antibiotics may have epileptogenic and electrocortical depressant effects when applied topically to the cerebral cortex. The authors studied the effect of streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and vistamycin. The results are as follows: 1. Electrocortical spike activity and electrocortical depression were produced by gentamicin. 2. Electrocortical depression was produced by tobramycin. 3. No electrocortical effects was produced by streptomycin. Kanamycin, amikacin and vistamycin.
Amikacin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Arachnoid ; Arachnoiditis ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Depression ; Gentamicins ; Kanamycin ; Meningitis ; Radiculopathy ; Seizures ; Spinal Cord Diseases ; Streptomycin ; Tobramycin

BACKGROUND: Many genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) on transposon or plasmid were transferred from one strain to another strain and inserted into a staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). There are very diverse subtypes in SCCmec type to the insertion of resistant genes. Therefore, we researched the resistance rates of antibiotics and distribution of AME genes according to SCCmec type in MRSA strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated 640 Staphylococcus aureus from non-tertiary hospitals in 2004, detected mecA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia using the multiplex PCR method, tested antibacterial susceptibility disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration, and determined SCCmec type. RESULTS: Of 640 S. aureus isolates, MRSA rate was 39.7% and all MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. Among 214 MRSA selected, aminoglycoside-resistant rates were 98.1% in kanamycin and tobramycin, 68.7% in gentamicin, 30.8% in amikacin, and 2.8% in netilmicin. The detection rates for aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia were 77.1%, 13.1%, and 53.3%, respectively. Also, SCCmec type was 50.9% in SCCmec type II, 16.4% in type III, and 32.7% in type IV. The genes encoding AMEs were distributed aac(6')-aph(2") (49.5%) and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (36.7%) in SCCmec type II, aph(3')-IIIa/aac(6')-aph(2") (60%) and aac(6')-aph(2") (31.4%) in type III, and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (41.4%) and ant(4')-Ia (50%) in type IV. CONCLUSION: 39.7% of S. aureus isolated from non-tertiary hospitals was resistant to methicillin. More than 90% of MRSA isolates were detected aac(6')-aph(2") in SCCmec type II and III, and ant(4')-Ia in type IV. With these results, the genes encoding AMEs may be closed related to SCCmec type.
Adenosine ; Amikacin ; Amphotericin B ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diffusion ; Gentamicins ; Kanamycin ; Kanamycin Kinase ; Methicillin ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Netilmicin ; Plasmids ; Sprains and Strains ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Tobramycin

BACKGROUND: Many genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) on transposon or plasmid were transferred from one strain to another strain and inserted into a staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). There are very diverse subtypes in SCCmec type to the insertion of resistant genes. Therefore, we researched the resistance rates of antibiotics and distribution of AME genes according to SCCmec type in MRSA strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated 640 Staphylococcus aureus from non-tertiary hospitals in 2004, detected mecA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia using the multiplex PCR method, tested antibacterial susceptibility disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration, and determined SCCmec type. RESULTS: Of 640 S. aureus isolates, MRSA rate was 39.7% and all MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. Among 214 MRSA selected, aminoglycoside-resistant rates were 98.1% in kanamycin and tobramycin, 68.7% in gentamicin, 30.8% in amikacin, and 2.8% in netilmicin. The detection rates for aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia were 77.1%, 13.1%, and 53.3%, respectively. Also, SCCmec type was 50.9% in SCCmec type II, 16.4% in type III, and 32.7% in type IV. The genes encoding AMEs were distributed aac(6')-aph(2") (49.5%) and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (36.7%) in SCCmec type II, aph(3')-IIIa/aac(6')-aph(2") (60%) and aac(6')-aph(2") (31.4%) in type III, and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (41.4%) and ant(4')-Ia (50%) in type IV. CONCLUSION: 39.7% of S. aureus isolated from non-tertiary hospitals was resistant to methicillin. More than 90% of MRSA isolates were detected aac(6')-aph(2") in SCCmec type II and III, and ant(4')-Ia in type IV. With these results, the genes encoding AMEs may be closed related to SCCmec type.
Adenosine ; Amikacin ; Amphotericin B ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diffusion ; Gentamicins ; Kanamycin ; Kanamycin Kinase ; Methicillin ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Netilmicin ; Plasmids ; Sprains and Strains ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Tobramycin

One hundred and eighteen strains of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical specimens were epidemiologically analyzed for antimicrobial resistance, EcoRI restriction endonuclease analysis, southern hybridization with TEM and SHV probe of conjugative R plasmids. 1. Sixty-two to 73% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulfisomidine, and tetracycline, and 20-27% to kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and nalidixic acid. However more than 93% were susceptible to cephalosporins and all strains were highly susceptible to cefotetan, imipenem, aztreonam, and amikacin. 2. Twelve strains were susceptible to all drugs tested and the multiple resistant strains showed 65 resistance pattern types. 3. Thirty-six resistant strains(34%) transferred R plasmids to E. coli RG488 or RG176 by mixed culture. Fifty-six plasmids with 31 different resistant phenotype were obtained from them. 4. Some of 15 plasmids derived from 10 strains showed identical or similar EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion patterns, hybridized fragment patterns with TEM probe by southern hybridization, and resistance levels of j3-lactams and aminoglycosides. These results indicate that the epidemic strains or plasmids were present in this hospital and molecular genetic analysis of R plasmids can be used to discriminate clinical isolates of multi- resistant E. coli.
Amikacin ; Aminoglycosides ; Ampicillin ; Aztreonam ; Carbenicillin ; Cefotetan ; Cephalosporins ; Digestion ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Gentamicins ; Imipenem ; Kanamycin ; Molecular Biology ; Nalidixic Acid ; Phenotype ; Plasmids ; R Factors ; Sulfisomidine ; Tetracycline ; Tobramycin

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens, causing severe morbidity and fatal infections. To date rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, including recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), has been a serious concern and an obstacle to the effective treatment. The purpose of this study is to update the resistance patterns against aminoglycoside antibiotics which play an important role in the therapy of serious staphylococcal infections. METHODS: Clinical isolates were collected from 8 university-affiliated hospitals during the period of June 1999 to January 2001. Susceptibility tests against 9 antibiotics were performed by disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arbekacin against non-susceptible strains were determined by microbroth dilution method RESULTS: Among total 682 isolates exclusive of consecutive ones from the same patients, 199 (29%) were from pus, 152 (22%) from respiratory specimens, 137 (20%) from blood, 38 (6%) from urine. Of 682 isolates, 588 (87%) isolates were resistant to at least one of the aminoglycosides tested. Overall prevalence of MRSA was 64% (439/682), and resistance rates of MRSA were summarized as follows; kanamycin (KM) 98%, tobramycin (TOB) 98%, gentamicin (GM) 95%, amikacin (AMK) 90%, neomycin (NEO) 63%, streptomycin (SM) 31%, netilmicin (NET) 18%, arbekacin (ABK) 13%. MRSA isolates were resistant to multiple aminoglycosides, and 88% of them were resistant to all four aminoglycosides of KM, TOB, GM, and AMK. MICs of ABK against 58 non-susceptible strains ranged from 2 to 128 microgram/mL. CONCLUSION: More than 90% of MRSA isolates were resistant against kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Moreover, most of MRSA isolates were multi-drug resistant to all these four aminoglycosides. Resistance rates against arbekacin and netilmicin were less than 20%. Arbekacin was the most susceptible antibiotic of the aminoglycosides tested.
Amikacin ; Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Diffusion ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Kanamycin ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Neomycin ; Netilmicin ; Prevalence ; Staphylococcal Infections ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptomycin ; Suppuration ; Tertiary Care Centers* ; Tobramycin

No abstract available.
Cefadroxil* ; Humans ; Kanamycin* ; Male*

Urethral duplication is rare congenital anomaly. It may be complete or partial, We report a case of PPNG urethritis which limited to the accessory urethra and treated with kanamycin (2. 0gm, im), ampicillin(3. 5gm, po) and probenecid(l pgm, po).
Kanamycin ; Urethra* ; Urethritis*

Amikacin is a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin and primarily active against aerobic Gram-negative-pathogens with limited activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Meager study was reported on pharmacokinetic data on multi-days administration of amikacin. Hence, pharmacokinetics study was done in five clinically healthy goats (n = 5), after intravenous bolus injection of amikacin sulfate at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight daily for three consecutive days. The amikacin concentrations in plasma and pharmacokinetics-parameters were analyzed by using microbiological assay technique and noncompartmental open-model, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations (Mean +/- SD) of amikacin at time zero (Cp0) was 114.19 +/- 20.78 and 128.67 +/- 14.37 microg/mL, on day 1st and 3rd, respectively. The mean elimination half-life (t(1/2)ke) was 1.00 +/- 0.28 h on day 1st and 1.22 +/- 0.29 h on day 3rd. Mean of area under concentration-time curve (AUC(0-->infinity)) was 158.26 +/- 60.10 and 159.70 +/- 22.74 microg.h/mL, on day 1st and 3rd respectively. The total body clearance (ClB) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) on day 1st and 3rd were ClB = 0.07 +/- 0.02 and 0.06 +/- 0.01 L/h.kg and Vdss = 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 0.11 +/- 0.05 L/kg, respectively. No-significant difference was noted in both drug-plasma concentration and pharmacokinetics-parameters, respectively. Amikacin concentration in plasma was found higher up-to 4 h and 6 h onward on down-ward trends favour to reduce toxicity. Which also support the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic way of dosing of aminoglycosides and hence, amikacin may be administered 10 mg/kg intravenously daily to treat principally Gram-negative pathogens and limitedly Gram-positive-pathogens.
Amikacin ; Aminoglycosides ; Body Weight ; Goats ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Half-Life ; Injections, Intravenous ; Kanamycin ; Plasma

Kanamycin measurement ; therapeutic aspects ; Gonococcal urethritis

The relationship between urea-splitting organism in the urine and urinary stone is well known. We have checked bacteriologic study of 28 urinary stones after surgical removal of stone and brushing, and following results were obtained. 1. Positive stone culture were 6 cases (21.4%). 2. Organisms were Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. 3. Antibiotics sensitivity of 6 cases of infected stones were Klebsiella, proteus: 2) Amikacin, Pseudomonas: 1) Ampicilline, Serratia: 1) Cefamezine, Staphylococcus: 2) Kanamycin, Gentamycin, Enterococcus: 3) Penicilline. 1) Sensitive 2) Moderately sensitive 3) Relatively resistant. 4. The most prevalent age group of infected stone was between 40-49. 5. Ureter was the most favorable site of infected stone and multiple stone were 2 cases. 6. Positive urine culture were detected in all of 6 cases of infected stone. 7. In 4 cases of infected stone, organisms of stone culture and urine culture were identical. They were Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Proteus, Staphylococcus. 8. In 2 cases of infected stone, organisms of stone culture and urine culture were not identical. They were Serratia, Klebsiella in stone culture and proteus, E. coli in urine culture respectively.
Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cefazolin ; Enterococcus ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Kanamycin ; Klebsiella ; Penicillins ; Proteus ; Pseudomonas ; Serratia ; Staphylococcus ; Ureter ; Urinary Calculi*