Pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) is a new extraction technology which has been developed in recent years and widely used as sample analysis in environmental, food and pharmaceutical fields. Extraction technique is a key technology in quality control of Chinese herb. Conventional extraction techniques have been a bottleneck of blocking the development of quality control of Chinese herb. This article attempts to review the basic principle, methods, apparatus and main characteristics of PSE and its applications to quality control of Chinese herb.
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pressure ; Quality Control ; Solvents ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards

BACKGROUNDAdvanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are new uremic toxins reported by Witko-Sarsat in 1996, which are associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which AOPPs enhance atherosclerosis have not been fully understood. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine which stimulates migration of monocytes and plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of AOPPs on MCP-1 expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

METHODSVSMCs were cultured and then co-incubated with AOPP (200 micromol/L, 400 micromol/L) for different times with or without pretreatment with specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580. RT-PCR and Western blott were used to detect MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression at different time points after AOPP stimulation in rat smooth muscle cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK.

RESULTSTreatment of VSMC with AOPPs resulted in a significant increase of the expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein in time- and dose-dependent manner, and could activated p38 MAPK. Pretreatment of VSMCs with SB203580 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of AOPPs-induced MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression.

CONCLUSIONSAOPPs can stimulate MCP-1 expression via p38 MAPK in VSMCs. This suggests that AOPPs might contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis through this proinflammatory effect.

Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CCL2 ; genetics ; Enzyme Activation ; Imidazoles ; pharmacology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; complications ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; cytology ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Proteins ; metabolism ; Pyridines ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Uremia ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; physiology

The primers and probes for the Real-time RT-PCR were designed based on the multiple sequence (swine and humans HEV strains) alignments of the ORF3 region of genotype 4 HEV. A rapid, sensitive and stable TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR assay was established, and its specificity and sensitivity were assessed, and comparison of the Real-time RT-PCR with conventional and nested RT-PCR was performed. The results found that the crossing points showed linearly proportional to the logarithm of the input copy number. The correlation coefficient (R2) and the slope value of the standard curves with plasmid DNA were 0.994 and -3.312, respectively. The efficiency (E) of the PCR was 100%. Coefficients of variation values of the different diluted plasmid DNA were low in the same or different repeated experimental group. In addition, the assay was able to correctly detect genotype 4 HEV RNA from swine fecal samples. The sensitivity of established assay was 100-fold higher than that of conventional RT-PCR and 10-fold higher than nested RT-PCR.
Animals ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Disease Reservoirs ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Fluorescence ; Genotype ; Hepatitis E ; virology ; Hepatitis E virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Swine ; virology

Aim Arsenic trioxide (ATO, As203 ) can effectively treat acute promyelocyte leukemia (APL) and other malignant tumors.However.ATO has been found to have nephrotoxic effects during the treatment process, which limits the clinical application of ATO.Studies have shown that the use of ATO can interfere with the body's oxidation, causing to oxidative stress, damage DNA repair pathways, and induce DNA mutations.leading to cell cancer.This is currently one of the important mechanisms of ATO nephrotoxicity.Apoptosis, DNA methyl a- tion caused by ATO are also causes of nephrotoxicity.This article summarizes the research and prevention of ATO nephrotoxicity mechanism.