Insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1) has been found to be a cell proliferation regulator that promotes cell differentiation and proliferation.In recent years, IGF-1 has been found to play an important role in infectious diseases, participating in the occurrence and development of a variety of infectious diseases.This review briefly summarized the research progress on IGF-1 in infectious diseases, providing new ideas for the application of IGF-1 in clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Microglia are widely present in the central nervous system and participate in various pathophysiological processes.They play an important role in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.In recent years, the study of exosomes produced by microglia activation involved in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases has attracted extensive attention, but the role of exosomes has not been fully clarified.This article reviewed the characteristics and functions of microglia, the characteristics and functions of microglia-derived exosomes and their roles in central neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the polarization of microglia and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway during oxygen-glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R).Methods:BV2 microglia were cultured in vitro and divided into 3 groups ( n=18 each) using the random number table method: control group (group C), group OGD/R and OGD/R plus hypothermia group (group OGD/R+ HT). Group C was cultured normally for 24 h. In group OGD/R, the cells were exposed to 5% CO 2-1% O 2 at 37 ℃ for 2 h in a glucose-free medium, followed by restoration of glucose and oxygen for 24 h. In group OGD/R+ HT, the high-glucose medium was replaced with a glucose-free medium, the cells were exposed to 5% CO 2-1% O 2 for 2 h in a 33 ℃ cryostat, followed by restoration of glucose and oxygen for 24 h. The cell survival rate was measured by CCK-8 assay.The expression of M1 microglia markers CD32 and iNOS protein and mRNA and M2 microglia markers CD206 and Arg-1 and mRNA was detected by immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB in cells was detected by Western blot, and the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA in cells was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the cell supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:Compared with group C, the cell survival rate was significantly decreased, the expression of CD32, iNOS, CD206, Arg-1, TLR4 and NF-κB protein and mRNA was up-regulated, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in supernatant were increased in OGD/R and OGD/R+ HT groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group OGD/R, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, the expression of CD32, iNOS, TLR4 and NF-κB protein and mRNA was down-regulated, the expression of CD206 and Arg-1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in supernatant were decreased, and the concentration of IL-10 was increased in group OGD/R+ HT ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Hypothermia can significantly inhibit microglia polarization toward M1 phenotype, increase microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype and inhibit the development of inflammatory responses during OGD/R, and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the role of hsa_circ_0025853 in hypothermia-induced reduction of oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R) injury to neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH cells). Methods:SK-N-SH cells were cultured in vitro to the logarithmic phase and divided into 4 groups ( n=20 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group OGD/R, hypothermia group (group H) and hsa_circ_0025853 small interfering RNA (siRNA) plus hypothermia group (group S+ H). The cells were cultured in normal culture atmosphere in group C. The cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h followed by restoration of oxygen-glucose supply for 24 h in group OGD/R.The cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h followed by restoration of oxygen-glucose supply for 24 h at 32 ℃ in group H. The cells were transfected with siRNA at 48 h before establishing OGD/R model, and the other treatments were similar to those previously described in group H. At 24 h of restoration of oxygen-glucose, cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8, apoptosis rate were measured by flow cytometry.the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) mRNA and hsa_circ_0025853 was detected by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of Drp1 protein was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the apoptosis rate of cells was increased, the expression of hsa_circ_0025853 was down-regulated, and the expression of Drp1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in the other 3 groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group OGD/R, the cell viability was significantly increased, the apoptosis rate of cells was decreased, the expression of hsa_circ_0025853 was up-regulated, and the expression of Drp1 protein and mRNA was down-regulated in H and S+ H groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group H, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the apoptosis rate of cells was increased, the expression of hsa_circ_0025853 was down-regulated, and the expression of Drp1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in group S+ H ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which hypothermia alleviates the OGD/R injury to SK-N-SH cells is related to the up-regulation of hsa_circ_0025853 expression, thus reducing the expression level of Drp1.

Objective:To investigate the use intention of patients with coronary heart disease for mobile health and understand needs of patients for gamification design of mobile health platform, in order to improve the self-management level of patients with coronary heart disease by building a gamified mobile health platform.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 181 hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in Department of Cardiology from July to September 2020 (3 hospitals in Beijing and 1 hospital in Heilongjiang Province) were selected as research objects. Questionnaire on the usage needs of mobile health platform for coronary heart disease was used to investigate them.Results:Only 8 of the 181 patients (4.42%) used cardiac mobile health, and 113 (62.43%) patients never used cardiac mobile health but would consider using it. But 60 (33.15%) patients never used cardiac mobile medical experience and said that they won' t use it in the future, and the reasons included operation, language, safety, need awareness and health concerns. Among 121 patients with coronary heart disease, the top three requirements for gamification design were human-computer interaction encouragement and company (32.23%) , completion of tasks to exchange for real prizes (30.58%) and health ranking (28.10%) .Conclusions:Based on needs of patients, an easy-to-use, scientific and readable gamified mobile health platform for coronary heart disease should be built, mobile health publicity should be increased, and the continuous use rate of the mobile health platform and the self-management of patients should be improved.

Objective:To develop and evaluate the Self-rating Identification Scale for Common Syndromic Elements of Coronary Heart Disease.Methods:The item pool of the Self-rating Identification Scale for Common Syndromic Elements of Coronary Heart Disease was formed through literature review and expert consultation. Items were screened by combining frequency, correlation coefficient, Cronbach's α coefficient and factor analysis. Subjective and objective weighting was used to determine the weight of items, and diagnostic threshold was determined by receiver operator characteristic curve. Cronbach's α coefficient and factor analysis were used to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:The Self-rating Identification Scale for Common Syndromic Elements of Coronary Heart Disease had a total of 6 syndrome elements and 36 items. It included 3 items of blood stasis, 9 items of phlegm, 7 items of Qi stagnation, 5 items of Qi deficiency, 6 items of Yin deficiency, and 6 items of Yang deficiency, and the diagnostic thresholds were 1.000, 45.300, 36.400, 66.600, 33.900, and 30.500 respectively. The test-retest reliability coefficients of each dimension of the scale were all greater than 0.7, and the internal consistency reliability coefficients of each dimension were 0.540 to 0.848. In the factor analysis, each variable with a common factor load coefficient greater than 0.4 was extracted, and the results were completely consistent with the scale entry settings. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 53.822%.Conclusions:The reliability and validity of the Self-rating Identification Scale for Common Syndromic Elements of Coronary Heart Disease are good, and it has scientific research and clinical application value.

Objective:To evaluate the usability of gamification coronary heart disease health management platform based on WeChat, so as to provide support for self-management of coronary heart disease patients.Methods:From November to December 2022, 10 patients with coronary heart disease who were treated at Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were selected using convenience sampling. The research subjects registered for the health management platform by scanning the QR code and underwent a 2-month trial experience. Two months later, researchers collected data from the platform and used a combination of questionnaire surveys and qualitative interviews to investigate the user's experience and feedback of the research subjects, in order to evaluate the usability of the platform.Results:Within two months, the health management platform had 226 visits, an average visit time of 26 minutes, and an availability questionnaire score of (71.8±2.8). The research subjects had an acceptable attitude towards the usability of this platform, had a good overall user experience, and had also provided improvement suggestions for the platform while they gained beneficial experiences.Conclusions:The gamification coronary heart disease health management platform based on WeChat has good usability, providing a feasible means for the health management of heart disease patients, and also providing reference for other chronic disease health management projects involving lifestyle changes and incentives.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between M2-type microglia-derived exosomes (M2-exo) and neuronal oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R) injury in mice.Methods:Mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells) and BV2 microglia were cultured in vitro, and BV2 microglia were activated to M2 type using 20 ng/ml IL-4, and M0-type microglia-derived exosomes (M0-exo) and M2-exo were extracted.N2a cells were divided into 4 groups ( n=23 each) using the random number table method: control+ M0-exo group (C+ M0 group), control+ M2-exo group (C+ M2 group), OGD/R+ M0-exo group (O+ M0 group) and OGD/R+ M2-exo group (O+ M2 group).M0-exo and M2-exo (final concentration 100 μg/ml) were added in C+ M0 and C+ M2 groups, respectively, and the cells were incubated for 24 h. M0-exo and M2-exo (final concentration 100 μg/ml) were added at 3 h after oxygen and glucose deprivation, and then the cells were incubated for 24 h in O+ M0 and O+ M2 groups, respectively.N2a cell viability was measured by the CCK-8 method, and the severity of cell damage was assessed using the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate.The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 protein and mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results:Compared with C+ M0 group, no significant changes were found in N2a cell viability, LDH release rate, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Bax mRNA/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio in C+ M2 group ( P>0.05), and N2a cell viability was significantly decreased, and the LDH release rate, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Bax mRNA/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were increased in O+ M0 group ( P<0.05).Compared with C+ M2 group, the N2a cell viability was significantly decreased, and the LDH release rate, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Bax mRNA/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were increased in O+ M2 group ( P<0.05).Compared with O+ M0 group, N2a cell viability was significantly increased, and LDH release rate, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and Bax mRNA/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were decreased in O+ M2 group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:M2-exo exerts an endogenous protective effect during OGD/R in mouse neurons, which may be related to the inhibition of cell apoptosis.

Objective:To evaluate the role of exosomes in neuronal injury induced by M1 microglia.Methods:Liposolysaccharide 100 ng/ml and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)20 ng/ml were added to well-growing BV2 microglia to induce the polarization of microglia into M1 phenotype.Cell supernatant of M1 microglia was collected and M1 microglia exosomes (M1-exo) were extracted with exosome kit.The well-growing N2a cells were divided into 4 groups ( n=24 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), M1 microglia group (group M), exosome group (group E), and exosome inhibitor+ M1 microglia group (group G+ M). The cells in group C were conventionally cultured, the cells in group M were cultured with the supernatant of M1 microglia for 24 h, and the cells in group E were cultured with M1 microglia-derived exosomes for 24 h. In G+ M group, exosome inhibitor GW4869 was added, M1 microglia were incubated for 24 h, then the supernatant was collected and added to N2a cells, and the cells were incubated for 24 h. Cell viability of N2a cells was measured by the cell counting kit 8 assay, cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry.The expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax protein was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the apoptosis rate was increased, the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA was down-regulated, and the expression of Bax protein and mRNA was up-regulated in the other three groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group M, the cell viability was significantly increased, the apoptosis rate was decreased, the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA was up-regulated, and the expression of Bax protein and mRNA was down-regulated in group G+ M ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the above indexes between group E and group M ( P>0.05). Conclusions:M1 microglia can mediate neuronal injury via exosomes.

Objective:To evaluate the role of miR-20a-5p in M1 microglia aggravating oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R)-induced injury to neurons and the relationship with mitofusin2 (MFN2).Methods:The well-growing BV2 microglia (M0 type) were polarized into M1 phenotype by lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (20 ng/ml) and identified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence.The well-growing N2a cells were divided into 6 groups ( n=6 each) by the random number table method: control group (group C), OGD/R group, M0 microglia co-culture group (group M0), M1 microglia co-culture group (group M1), miR-20a-5p inhibitor transfection group (group I) and negative control group (group NC). The cells were routinely cultured in group C, and the cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h followed by restoration of oxygen-glucose supply to develop the model of OGD/R injury in group OGD/R.The cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h and were co-cultured with M0 microglia for 24 h during restoration of oxygen-glucose supply in group M0.The cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h and were co-cultured with M1 microglia for 24 h during restoration of oxygen-glucose supply in group M1.In group I and group NC, cells were transfected with miR-20a-5p inhibitor and negative control miRNA into M1 microglia, respectively, and N2a cells were subjected to OGD for 3 h and co-cultured with M1 microglia for 24 h during restoration of oxygen-glucose supply.The cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 assay, amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released was determined, the expression of miR-20a-5p and MFN2 mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and MFN2 expression was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with group C, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the amount of LDH released was increased, and the expression of MFN2 protein and mRNA was down-regulated in the other five groups, miR-20a-5p expression was significantly up-regulated in OGD/R, M0 and M1 groups, and miR-20a-5p expression was significantly down-regulated in group I ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the cell viability, amount of LDH released, and expression of miR-20a-5p, MFN2 protein and mRNA between group OGD/R and group M0 ( P>0.05). Compared with group OGD/R and group M0, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the amount of LDH released was increased, and the expression of MFN2 protein and mRNA was down-regulated, and miR-20a-5p expression was up-regulated in group M1 ( P<0.05). Compared with group M1, the cell viability was significantly increased, the amount of LDH released was decreased, the expression of MFN2 protein and mRNA was up-regulated, and miR-20a-5p expression was down-regulated in group I ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which M1 microglia aggravates OGD/R-induced damage to N2a cells may be related to the up-regulation of miR-20a-5p expression in M1 microglia and the inhibition of MFN2 expression in N2a cells.