Objective To investigate the correlation between prostatitis and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods From January 2008 to January 2012,Three hundred BPH patients were divided into two group according to whether had prostatitis determined by pathology.One hundred and thirty six patients with simple BPH and 164 patients with BPH combined with prostatitis were included with the median age of 69 years.PSA was (4.9 ± 8.3) μg/L and (7.0 ± 8.5)μg/L,the prostate volume was (41.4±18.1) ml and (48.7±20.7) ml,and IPSS was 21.9±7.0 and 27.5 ± 5.1 in BPH group and prostatitis group,respectively.The urodynamic parameters of bladder outlet obstruction between the two groups were analyzed.Results Qmax was (8.8 ± 4.8) ml/s and (6.3 ± 3.7)ml/s,Pdet.Qmax was (96.7 ± 33.0) cm H2O and (113.3 ± 39.8) cm H2O,AG value was 77.7 ± 31.9 and 93.9 ± 39.6,and Schafer grading value was 3.3 ± 1.5 and 4.4 ± 1.2 in BPH group and BPH combined with prostatitis group,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that prostatitis (OR =2.66,P =0.002),PV (OR =1.37,P =0.000),and Qmax(OR =0.72,P =0.000) were positively correlated with Schafer grading value.Conclusions Prostatitis increased the degree of BOO in patients with BPH.

Objective To investigate the clinical feature,pathologic characteristics and prognosis of non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder tumor in young and old patients.Methods From January 2000 to March 2011,the clinicial data of 48 young patients (age ≤ 40 years) with non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder tumor and 50 patients randomly selected with non-muscle invasive urothelial tumor (age ≥ 60 years) were analyzed and compared retrospectively.There were 38 male and 10 female with a median age of 35.4 years (range,18 to 40).There were 34 male and 16 female with a median age of 68.5 years (range,68.5 to 87).All patients had postoperative intravesical instillation for one year.Young patients presented with gross hematuria mostly,which were similmar with old patients.Solitary tumor were 45 cases and 40 cases,and the multiple tumors were 3 cases and 10 cases in the young and old groups,respectively.Of the young group,40 patients were treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor,and 8 patients by partial cystectomy.Of the old group,35 patients were treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor,and 15 patients by partial cystectomy.Results According to 2004 WHO classification of papillary urothelial tumor,lower grade tumor were more frequentto occur in young group than in old group.There was significant difference in incidence of PUNLMP between young group and old group (16/48,33.3％ and 8/50,16.0％,P ＜ 0.05).There was significant difference in incidence of high grade bladder cancer between young group and old group (7/48,14.6％ and 17/50,34.0％,P ＜0.05).The incidence of PTa tumor was 70.8％ and 44.0％ in the young and old groups,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Median follow up was 34 months (range,6 to 132) in young group and 35 months (range,6 to 130) in old group,respectively.Five-year recurrence rate was 36.7％ and 64.3％ respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder tumor in young patients had a better prognosis than those in the old group,with lower grade and stage at diagnosisand lower recurrence rate.

Objective To evaluate the reliability of benign nodules diagnosed by ultrasound and analyze the probable factors of infecting the BI-RADS ultrasound categorization of breast lesions. Methods A total of 792 cases with initial category 3 assessments on BI-RADS ultrasound categorization consistent with more than 2 years follow-up or pathologic results were contained. The reliability of probable benign lesions were studied retrospectively,and several factors that could influence the categorization were explored such as age,breast lumps size,multiplicity,palpability,and US radiologist's experience referring to ACR-BI-RADS and the new categorizations recommendation. Results Of 792 breast nodules, 781 (98.6%) were benign and 11 (1.4%) were malignant. If the new categorizations recommendation was applied, 35. 1% (278/792) of all cased would have been upgraded to BI-RADS 4,81. 8% (9/11)of malignant tumors would have been found. The breast masses diagnosed by the junior radiologists were more frequently upgraded to BI-RADS 4 than senior radiologists' findings (P <0. 05), the nodules in women 40 years or older and multiple lesions were more frequently upgraded to category 4 (P <0. 01). The presence of palpability and mass size had on significantly influence the BI-RADS US categorization of breast nodules. Conclusions BI-RADS-Ultrasound categorization is relatively reliable to diagnose breast benign nodules. The multiplicity of breast nodules,patient's age and US radiologist's experience were found to have significant influences on the categorizations of probably benign breast nodules.

Objective To explore the feasibility and efficacy of the selective portal vein embolization (SPVE) before radiofrequency ablation(RFA) for liver tumor large than 3 cm.Methods 63 patients with 63 liver tumor (＞3 cm) located in single liver segment completely or mostly underwent RFA.21 patients (21 lesions) were randomly assigned to receive SPVE before ablation (SPVE + RFA group),other 42 patients were treated with RFA only (RFA group).The complications and treat results of two groups were collected and compared.Results SPVE were achieved in 20 of 21 patients,and no critical complication were happened in both group.During a observation period of median 14.2 months,local tumor progression were observed in 17 of 42 patients (40.5％) in RFA group and in 3 of 20 patients (15.0％) in SPVE+ RFA group,there were significant difference between two groups(P =0.043).Conclusions SPVE can safely and effectively improve the efficacy of RFA for the liver tumors which large than 3 cm and located in single liver segment.

Objective To investigate the effects of contrast dose and region of interest (ROI) depth on quantitative analysis of liver by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) during clinical application.Methods After bolus injection of contrast agent,the change of quantitative parameters [including echo mean(EM),rise time(RT),peak intensity(PI),mean transit time(MTT),area under the curve(AUC),time from peak to one half(TPH),wash in slope(WIS),time to peak(TTP)] of time-intensity curves were analyzed based on groups from different doses (1.0 ml and 1.6 ml) and different depth (＜30 mm,30-60 mm,and ≥60 mm).Results MTT and TPH were increased with dose increasing from 1.0 ml to 1.6 ml (P＜0.05).With the dose 1.0 ml,TPH,WIS,PI,AUC and MTT showed significant difference when the depth of the ROI changes (P ＜0.05),with the depth increased,TPH,WIS,PI,and AUC all decreases and MTT increases.For all the other parameters,no significant changes were found (P ＞0.05).Conclusions CEUS and its imaging process can directly influence the accuracy of the parameters from the quantitative analysis.Standardization of contrast agent with predefined dose and depth can potentially facilitate future clinical studies in liver CEUS.

Objective To observe the function of immature CD8α+ dentritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Methods The bone marrow and spleen of C57BL/6(H-2b) and Balb/c (H-2d) mice were got to prepare immature CD8α+ DCs and spleen lymphocytes,and treated by mytomycin. MTT test was used.MLR group, MLR plus variable density syngeneic CD8α+ DC group, MLR plus variable density allogeneic CD8α+ DC group,MLR plus variable density CD8α+ DC supernatant group,CD8α+ DC plus syngeneic T cell group and negative control group were established. MLR group was set up by responder cell ratio of 0.2,0.5,0.8,1.0,to build the MLR plus syngeneic and allogeneic CD8α+ DC experimental groups. Culture supernatant from different density (1 × 105/ml - 5 × 106/ml) of CD8α+DCs was added into MLR to build CD8α+ DC supernatant group. CD8α+ DCs were co-cultured with syngeneic T cells to build CD8α+ DCs plus syngeneic T cells group. 2 × 105/well responder cells served as the negative control group. ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the DCs could both suppress MLR (P＜0. 05), and the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0. 05). When CD8α+ DCs were increased, the suppressive effect was enhanced. When CD8α+ DC/responder cell ratio ＞0. 2, the inhibitory effect could be observed, and this effect reached the peak when the ratio was 1.0. The CD8α+ DCs had weak ability to stimulate syngeneic lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, and certain stimulating effect could be seen only when CD8α+ DC/responder cell ratio ＞2 (P＜0. 05). Its culture supernatant also showed suppressive effect (P＜0. 05), and the supernatant with a cell density of 5 × 105/ml showed the maximum effect. IL-10 concentration in the concentration was 1.0 ± 1.2 pg/ml. Conclusion The in vitro function of immature CD8α+ DCs was immunosuppression/tolerance,and they could secret high level of IL-10. The CD8α+ DCs and their culture supernatant could suppress MLR in vitro.

Objective To investigate the changes of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of the resting state fMRI in cognitively impaired Parkinson' s disease patients and discuss its underling neurophysiological mechanism.Methods Blood oxygen level-dependent low-frequency amplitude (ALFF) in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were calculated in 16 healthy controls(HC) and 29 idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients (16 of which were patients with cognitive normal,PDCN and 13 with cognitive impairment,PDCI).The brain regions showing increased and decreased ALFF in patients were demonstrated by comparing normal subjects with 2-sample t-test with threshold of P＜ 0.05 and the analysis of the relationship between the different regions of the brain activity and cognitive function tests scores were also analyzed.Results Compared with PDCN,the PDCI patients showed decreased activity in the caudate nucleus (-3,9,12),occipital lobe (0,-78,-15) and medial temporal lobe (42,9,-27) and increased activity in the superior frontal gyrus (9,63,24).PDCI patients showed increased activity mainly in the precuneus and inferior parietal lobules compared with controls.Additionally,the regions with ALFF changes had significant correlations with the cognitive performance of patients as measured by Montreal cognitive test(Beijing Version) and neuropsychological tests (including memory,attention,visuospatial functions and executive function).Conclusion The results demonstrate that there is a specific pattern of intrinsic activity in PDCI providing insights into neurophysiological mechanisms of the Parkinson's disease dementia.

Objective To construct the murine allogeneic acute GVHD model.Methods C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were used as the donors and Balb/c (H-2d) mice as the recipients in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).Groups were set as total body radiation (TBI) control group (n =4),GVHD group (n =10),simple BM transplantation group (n =10) and normal control group (n =4).For TBI control group,mice were subjected to TBI but did not receive BMT after radiation.For GVHD group,5 days before TBI,gentamycin (320 mg/L) and erythromycin (250 mg/L) were added into the drinking water,and on the day of transplantation,mice received one total dose of 8.0 Gy 60Coγ TBI,and within 5 h,2 × 106 C57BL/6 BM cells and 1 × 107 C57BL/6 spleen cells were transfused per mouse via the tail vein.For simple BMT group,the pretreatment was the same as GVHD group,and mice received only 2 × 106 C57BL/6 BM cells per mouse via the tail vein.The mental status,activity,posture,fur,weight,and stool were observed after transplantation.Survival time of each mouse was recorded,survival rate was calculated,and survival curve was drawn.Pathological examination was done for the liver,skin,small intestine and BM on the brink of death.Results The median survival time (MST) in TBI control group,GVHD group and BMT group was (9.0 ± 0.7),(32.0 ± 3.2) and ( 17.5 ± 1.6) days respectively,and there was significant difference between every two groups (P ＜ 0.01 ).Pathological examination in TBI control group showedhematopoiesis exhaustion.GVHD group showed acute GVHD symptoms 10-13 days after allo-BMT,and the pathological changes of the skin,liver and small intestine corresponded to those of Ⅰ to Ⅱ degree of GVHD.Simple BMT group also showed acute GVHD symptoms 10-13 days after alloBMT,but their GVHD manifestation and histological changes were less serious and only 0 to Ⅰ degree of GVHD could be seen.ConclusionStable acute GVHD model can be constructed by transfusion of allogeneic BM cells and spleen cells into Balb/c mice after lethal TBI.

Objective To understand and illuminate the bionomic characteristics of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and splicing variant PSMA5, through detecting the DNA levels of them in different tumor cell strains and prostate tissues. Methods The fluorescent quantization reverse transcriptase PCR (FQ-RT-PCR) method built up by our research group was used to detect the PSMA and variant PSMA5 DNA levels in different tumor cell strains and prostate tissues. Results The PSMA and PSMA5 DNA levels in tumor cell strains and pathological prostatic tissues were obviously more than those of the normal prostatic tissues (F=3.40, 11.94, both P＜0.05), and the PSMA5 DNA level was much higher than was the PSMA DNA level in prostatic carcinoma tissues (P＜0.05). Conclusions The different expressions between PSMA and PSMA5 in different tumor cells and prostatic tissues show that PSMA5 is more specific than PSMA as a prostate carcinoma tumor marker.

ObjectiveTo investigate the finasteride application during the off-cycle of intermittent androgen blockade (IAB) in patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with IAB.MethodsEighty-seven patients with advanced prostate cancer were divided into two groups: forty-nine patients received IAB (group A), and thirty-eight patients underwent IAB and finasteride during the off-cycle of IAB (group B). The time of treatment cycle and the time to disease progression were compared between the two groups. ResultsThe patients in group A completed 89 treatment cycles and the mean cycle length was (12.8±5.4) months [treatment time and non-treatment time were (6.6±3.5) months and (7.1±4.8) months, respectively]. The patients in group B completed 85 cycles and the mean cycle length was (15.3±5.9) months [treatment time and non-treatment time were (6.9±3.2) months and (9.2v±3.9) months, respectively]. There was a significant difference between group A and B in the mean cycle length and the non-treatment time (P=0.0428,P=0.03).The 3-year progression rate was ( 34.8±3.5 )% in group A and ( 28.4±2.7)% in groups B ( P=0.035). ConclusionsThe application of finasteride during the off-cycle of IAB in patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent androgen blockade (IAB) can delay progression of advanced prostate cancer.