Objective The study aimed to establish a kind of simple,rapid,accurate and reliable method in order to simultaneous determine the phenobarbital,ibuprofen and nikethamide in the biomaterial. Methods The biomaterial were pre-treated with ethanol(v/v 95%)at pH 3~4 and then was extracted with ethyl acetate at pH 3~4 and 10~11,respectively. Finally,phenobarbital,ibuprofen and nikethamide in the biomaterial were simultaneous detected by GC-MS. The retention times and relevant characteristic fragment ions of the three substances in the total ion current(TIC)and the mass spectrogram could be used as the basis of qualitative analysis. Results The method was simple and easy operation. It has the characteristics of low background interference,good separation effect and fast analytical speed. The retention times of phenobarbital,ibuprofen and nikethamide were 8.472 min,7.087 min and 6.655 min,respectively. The characteristic fragment ions of phenobarbital were 204 and 232(m/z),of ibuprofen were 161 and 206(m/z),and of nikethamide were 106 and 177(m/z). Conclusion The method showed a satisfactory result that it could be applied to simultaneous determine phenobarbital,ibuprofen and nikethamide of the biomaterial for forensic toxicological analysis.

Pain permeates the entire process of cancer,and its mechanism is complex,involving tumor microenvironment,cancer-related bone pain,cancer-related visceral pain,cancer-related neuro-pathic pain,and surgery and radiotherapy-related factors.Studies have indicated that lidocaine can al-leviate intractable cancer pain for opioids,and its mechanism of action in treating various types of cancer pain may also be different,involving the regulation of acid-sensing ion channels(ASICS),transient receptor potential channels(TRP),voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs),nerve growth factor(NGF),glutamate and its receptors,inflammatory cells and cytokines,microglia,astrocytes,and high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1).This paper reviewed the mechanisms of cancer pain,the mechanisms of lidocaine in treating different types of cancer pain as well as its clinical appli-cations.

Pain permeates the entire process of cancer,and its mechanism is complex,involving tumor microenvironment,cancer-related bone pain,cancer-related visceral pain,cancer-related neuro-pathic pain,and surgery and radiotherapy-related factors.Studies have indicated that lidocaine can al-leviate intractable cancer pain for opioids,and its mechanism of action in treating various types of cancer pain may also be different,involving the regulation of acid-sensing ion channels(ASICS),transient receptor potential channels(TRP),voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs),nerve growth factor(NGF),glutamate and its receptors,inflammatory cells and cytokines,microglia,astrocytes,and high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1).This paper reviewed the mechanisms of cancer pain,the mechanisms of lidocaine in treating different types of cancer pain as well as its clinical appli-cations.