Zygomatic fracture is one of the most common mid-facial fractures. Zygomatic fracture often leads to open-mouth and chewing dysfunctions, which are often associated with pronounced zygomatic facial deformity, causing psychological and physiological problems in patients. The complicated anatomical structures associated with zygomatic fracture often make treatment difficult. Surgical navigation technology provides a new auxiliary method for improving the treatment results for zygomatic fracture. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of surgical navigation technology in the treatment of zygomatic fracture.
Face ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Mastication ; Mouth ; Skull Fractures ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; Zygomatic Fractures ; surgery

The anatomically and functionally complex nature of the temporomandibularjoint (TMJ) makes its reconstruction one of the most challenging tasks faced by surgeons who operate in the head and neck. TMJ prosthesis is one of the important techniques in the reconstruction of TMJ. The main indications for TMJ prosthesis include ankylosis, fractures of condylar that can't be fixed, trauma or tumor, end-stage TMJ disturbance, and TMJ dysplasia caused by Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. TMJ replacement aims to enhance the function of TMJ, alleviate pain, and prevent serious complications. TMJ prosthesis is advantageous in oral and maxillofacial surgery because it can imitate normal anatomic morphology and adhere to the host. Moreover, the use of other materials is no longer necessary and functional training can be started postoperatively at once, among others. Prosthetic materials have leading and promoting functions in the development of joint prosthesis. Good design, fit shape, and fixation are the necessary conditions for prosthesis to serve its function. Investigation of joint biomechanics is also necessary. With the rapid developments in material science, joint biomechanics, and other related subjects, TMJ prosthesis has been significantly improved in terms of its materials, design, fit shape, and fixation techniques. In addition, the development of TMJ prosthesis would expand its applications. This review intends to provide an overview about the progress and clinical application of TMJ prosthesis.
Ankylosis ; Arthroplasty, Replacement ; Humans ; Joint Prosthesis ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Objective To investigate the changes of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and cell apoptosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the influence of brain-derived neutrophic factor(BDNF) on these parameters in rats.Methods Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups:BDNF (n =42) and control (n =42) groups.The BDNF group was induced using the improved Zea-longa method and were received abdominal injections of BDNF (0.5 μg/μl) immediately after injury.The control group was received abdominal injections with the same dose sodium chloride injection immediately after injury and repeated one time everyday until the rats was killed.Each group was divided into seven subgroups by sacrificed time after injury,including subgroups 1 h,3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,3 d,and 7 d; each subgroup got 6 rats.Each subgroup were randomly selected three rats after being killed.The expressions of NF-κB and TNF-α of rats contusion peri tissues brain tissue were detected by immunohistochemical methods.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) method was used to observe the peri cell apoptosis after brain contusion.Results The expressions of NF-κB and TNF-α in BDNF group was significantly decreased relative to the control group (P ＜ 0.05),with a significant positive correlation between two parameters in two groups (P ＜ 0.001).The number of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in the BDNF group relative to control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Brain-derived neutrophic factor probably relieves inflammation response,reduces the change of secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury,and decreases neural cell apoptosis,and finally provides protection of neurocytes.

Objective To investigate the changes of TNF-α, IL-10 and cell apoptosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the influence of Pioglitazone(PGZ) on these parameters in rats. Methods Eighty-four male SD rats were ran-domly divided into two groups, PGZ group (n=42) and the control group (n=42). The PGZ group was treated with improved Zea-longa method and received tail vein injections of PGZ (10 mg/kg) immediately after injury, the control group re-ceived tail vein injections with the same dose sodium chloride injection immediately, after injury and repeat one time everyday until the rats was killed. Each group was divided into seven subgroups by sacrificed time after injury, those were 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, and 7 d, each subgroup got 6 rats. Each subgroup were randomly selected three rats after being killed, detected the expression of TNF-α and IL-10 of rats contusion peri tissues brain tissue by using im munohistochemical methods, while using TUNEL method to observe the peri cell apoptosis after brain contusion. Results The expression of TNF-α in each PGZ group was significantly decreased but the IL-10 was significant ly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05),and a significant negative correlation between the both of parameters in two groups as well (P<0.01);At the same time the number of apoptotic cells was decreasing (P<0.05). Conclusion Pioglita-zone is probably through the route of relieving inflammation response, reducing the change of secondary brain injury af-ter traumatic brain injury and decreasing neural cell apoptosis, and then provide protection of neurocytes.

The anatomically and functionally complex nature of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) makes its reconstruction one of the most challenging tasks faced by surgeons who operate in the head and neck. TMJ prosthesis is one of the important techniques in the reconstruction of TMJ. The main indications for TMJ prosthesis include ankylosis, fractures of condylar that can’t be fixed, trauma or tumor, end-stage TMJ disturbance, and TMJ dysplasia caused by Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. TMJ replacement aims to enhance the function of TMJ, alleviate pain, and prevent serious complications. TMJ prosthesis is advantageous in oral and maxillofacial surgery because it can imitate normal anatomic morphology and adhere to the host. Moreover, the use of other materials is no longer necessary and functional training can be started postoperatively at once, among others. Prosthetic materials have leading and promoting functions in the development of joint prosthesis. Good design, fit shape, and fixation are the necessary conditions for prosthesis to serve its function. Investigation of joint biomechanics is also necessary. With the rapid developments in material science, joint biomechanics, and other related subjects, TMJ prosthesis has been significantly improved in terms of its materials, design, fit shape, and fixation techniques. In addition, the development of TMJ prosthesis would expand its applications. This review intends to provide an overview about the progress and clinical application of TMJ prosthesis.

Zygomatic?fracture?is?one?of?the?most?common?mid-facial?fractures.?Zygomatic?fracture?often?leads?to?open-mouth?and?chewing?dysfunctions,?which?are?often?associated?with?pronounced?zygomatic?facial?deformity,?causing?psycholo-gical?and?physiological?problems?in?patients.?The?complicated?anatomical?structures?associated?with?zygomatic?fracture?often?make?treatment?difficult.?Surgical?navigation?technology?provides?a?new?auxiliary?method?for?improving?the?treatment?results?for?zygomatic?fracture.?This?review?aims?to?provide?a?comprehensive?overview?of?the?application?of?surgical?navigation?tech-nology?in?the?treatment?of?zygomatic?fracture.