Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene compound, naturally occurs in a large variety of plants, has at-tracted considerable interest owing to its significant biological activities. In recent years, more and more scientists have been working on the structural modification at the C-3 position , C_(12)-C_(13) double bond or C-28 position of ur-solic acid in order to improve their biological activities. Herein a brief introduction of the recent progresses on the chemical structural modification and the structure-activity relationship of ursolic acid and its derivatives are re-viewed.

Objective To study the effect of fish skin collagen peptide on skin collagen metabolism.Methods Twenty-two rots were divided into treatment and control groups.In rats of the treatment group,fish skin collagen peptide at a dose that is 20 times of the recommended dose for human was added to the food for 40 days. Skin HYP was isolated by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. The concentration of skin HYP was determined by visible spectrophotometer and converted it to collagen concentration and compared between the 2 groups.Results The skin collagen concentration was significantly higher in the treatment group than that in the control group (69.79%±4.36%;64.36%±4.36%,P＜0.05).At 40 days,the average body weight of rats in the treatment group was (32.1±3.16)g;while it was(36.5± 2.19)g in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Fish skin collagen peptide may help to increase collagen concentration of skin and control body weight.

Objective To observe the role of community popular opinion leader (POL) intervention on ocular epidemic study. Methods During the process of epidemiological survey of eye disease in Shenyang City,the community POL was interviewed to observe the change of the follow-up population from 2015 to 2016 and the effects of the POL intervention were analyzed. Results The study population follow-up rate was significantly improved after POL intervention (χ2 = 85.42,P < 0.01),the male-to-female ratio was balanced (χ2 = 6.51, P = 0.01),and more participants were willing and hoped to participate in the epidemic study for a long time. Conclusion Community POLs can improve the follow-up rate of epidemiological surveys and mobilize the enthusiasm of the population to participate in epidemiological investigations.

Objective: To investigate the influence of maternal age on the health status of pregnant women and the pregnant outcomes. Methods: Data obtained from "Beijing perinatal health management registration system" was analyzed, 263 157 pregnant women with age information were included from October 1st, 2015 to September 30th, 2016, in which 43 594 women delivered at the age of 35 or above (advanced age) . According to the age of maternal age, there were 5 groups. (1) Proper age: 219 563 (83.43%, 219 563/263 157) cases of the age of 18-34 years, including 122 735 cases (46.64%, 122 735/263 157) in the ≤29 years old group and 96 828 cases (36.79%, 96 828/263 157) in 30-34 years old group. (2) Advanced age: there were 43 594 cases (16.57%, 43 594/263 157) ≥35 years old, including 37 395 cases (14.21%, 37 395/263 157) in the 35-39 years old group, 5 790 cases (2.20%, 5 790/263 157) in the 40-44 years old group and 409 cases (0.16%, 409/263 157) in the ≥45 years old group. The trend-based chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the effects of different age groups on maternal complications and pregnant outcomes. Results: (1) The total incidence of high risk pregnancy (HRP) : in advanced age women, the incidence of HRP was 67.83% (29 571/43 594) which was 56.73% (124 550/219 563) in proper age women, the difference was statistically significant (χ²=1 848.91, P<0.000) . In advanced age women, the incidence of severe HRP was 7.64% (3 329/43 594) which was 6.18% (13 571/219 563) in proper age women, the difference was statistically significant (χ²=128.211, P<0.000) . In advanced age women, the incidence of very severe HRP was 1.76% (769/43 594) which was 0.84% (1 838/219 563) in proper age women, the difference was statistically significant (χ²=318.58, P<0.000) . (2) Comparison of the incidence of HRP in 5 groups:the total incidence of HRP increased through the following age group ≤29 years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years, 40-44 years, ≥45 years (53.28%, 61.09%, 67.41%、70.09%, 74.57% respectively) , the difference was statistically significant (linear by linear χ²=3 165.72, P<0.000) . The incidence of very severe HPR increased (0.66%, 1.06%, 1.66%, 2.35%, 2.93% respectively) , the difference was statistically significant (linear by linear χ²=218.31, P<0.000) . The incidence of severe HPR increased (5.77%, 6.70%, 7.48%, 8.34%, 11.49% respectively) , the difference was statistically significant (linear by linear χ²=422.20, P<0.000) . The incidence of general HPR increased (46.84%, 53.34%, 58.26%, 59.40%, 60.15% respectively) , the difference was statistically significant (linear by linear χ²=1 947.51, P<0.000) . (3) As the maternal age group increased, the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes increased (5.54%, 6.85%, 8.77%, 9.90%, 18.09%, linear by linear χ²=674.57, P<0.000) . The incidence of perinatal death, premature birth and low birth weight also presented the above trends (perinatal death: linear by linear χ²=34.79, P<0.000; premature birth: linear by linear χ²=692.87, P<0.000; low birth weight: linear by linear χ²=379.20, P<0.000) . (4) Logistic regression analysis with the assisted reproductive technology and multiple pregnancy considered showed the same trend (P<0.000) . Conclusion The maternal age has an impact on the maternal health status and pregnancy outcomes, and the risk of various types of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes increase with the maternal age group, antenatal care and management should be emphasized in women with advanced maternal age, especially for women ≥40 years old.

Objective:To investigate clinical characteristics of bullous pemphigoid (BP) developing after the treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ inhibitors (DPP4i) in patients with diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 116 inpatients with BP complicated by diabetes mellitus were collected from the Seventh People′s Hospital of Shenyang between January 2014 and December 2020, and divided into 2 groups: DPP4i-BP group treated with DPP4i before the onset of BP, and general BP group receiving no treatment with DPP4i. General clinical data, skin lesion area, laboratory indicators, treatment regimens, and prognosis were analyzed and compared between the above 2 groups, the time interval from the administration of DPP4i to the diagnosis of BP was recorded in the DPP4i-BP group. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare measurement data among multiple groups, two-independent-sample t test was used for comparisons between two groups, and paired t-test for intra-group comparisons before and after treatment; chi-square test was used to compare enumeration data between groups. Results:There were 32 patients aged 77.17 ± 15.32 years in the DPP4i-BP group, with a male-to-female ratio being 15∶17; there were 84 patients aged 76.65 ± 19.32 years in the general BP group, with a male-to-female ratio being 43∶41. The time interval from the administration of DPP4i to the diagnosis of BP was 14.61 ± 3.93 months in the DPP4i-BP group. The time interval for vildagliptin was the shortest (5.42 ± 2.84 months) , and there was a significant difference in the time interval among vildagliptin, sitagliptin, linagliptin and saxagliptin ( F= 8.93, P < 0.001) . The proportion of patients with severe BP was significantly higher in the DPP4i-BP group (16 cases, 50%) than in the general BP group (25 cases, 29.76%; Z= 2.63, P= 0.008) . There was no significant difference in the positivity rate of anti-BP180 antibody between the two groups ( χ2= 0.03, P= 0.870) . However, the level of anti-BP180 antibody was significantly higher in the DPP4i-BP group than in the general BP group before and after treatment ( P= 0.015, < 0.001, respectively) , and the decrease in the level of anti-BP180 antibody was significantly less in the DPP4i-BP group than in the general BP group after treatment ( t= 5.11, P < 0.001) . There was no significant difference in the average effective dose of glucocorticoids required to control the disease between the two groups ( t= 1.00, P= 0.322) . However, the DPP4i-BP group showed a significant increase in the average time required to control the disease and in the proportion of patients requiring combined treatment with immunosuppressants or other drugs compared with the general BP group ( t= 6.72, 10.05, P < 0.001,= 0.002, respectively) . Within 6 months after the start of systemic treatment, the recurrence rate was significantly higher in the general BP group (17 cases, 27.86%) than in the DPP4i-BP group (2 cases, 7.69%; χ2= 4.35, P= 0.037) ; at 6 months, the average dose of glucocorticoids was also significantly higher in the general BP group than in the DPP4i-BP group ( t= 7.04, P < 0.001) . Conclusions:Among the DPP4i hypoglycemic drugs, vildagliptin was the most common drug administrated by patients before the onset of BP, with the shortest interval from the administration to the onset of BP. DPP4i-BP may be difficult to control at the early stage, but the prognosis is good.

Objective To compare the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and CT in acute appendicitis.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 279 patients who were diagnosed with acute appendicitis and followed emergency surgery.Patients were divided into different subgroups based on postoperative pathological results and body mass index(BMI),and the pathological results were used as the gold standard to analyze whether there were differences in the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and CT examination for acute appendicitis.Results A total of 279 patients with confirmed acute appendicitis,with 64 cases of simple appendicitis,127 cases of suppurative appendicitis,and 88 cases of gangrenous appendicitis according to pathological classification.The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was 68.75%(44/64),73.22%(93/127),and 81.81%(72/88),respectively.The diagnostic accuracy of CT was 71.87%(46/64),82.67%(105/127),and 90.90%(80/88),respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the two examinations(P>0.05).Subgroup analysis based on patient BMI showed that there was no difference in diagnostic accuracy of the two examinations for patients with normal BMI(P>0.05),while for overweight and obese patients,the diagnostic accuracy of CT was better than that of ultrasonography,with a statistical difference(P<0.05).Conclusion There is no difference in the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and CT examinations for acute appendicitis of different pathological types.But for overweight and obese acute appendicitis patients,the diagnostic accuracy of CT examination is superior to ultrasonography.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of deceased cases due to pregnancy complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on six cases of pregnancy-related deaths due to SLE from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021 in Beijing Maternal and Child Health Monitoring Data. Information including basic details of the pregnant women, medical histories, prenatal examinations, diagnostic and treatment processes, review opinions, and causes of death were collected from their medical records, death investigation reports, and municipal-level maternal mortality review. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data.Results:Between 2012 and 2021, the mortality of pregnancy combined with SLE in Beijing was 0.28/100 000. Among these six cases, the primary clinical manifestations were fever, neuropsychiatric, and respiratory symptoms. All had a decreased platelet count (PLT) and exhibited hypocomplementemia. Three cases experienced elevated blood pressure during pregnancy, five had proteinuria, three had infections during pregnancy. Among the three cases without a history of SLE, the primary organ damages were in the hematological system, lungs, and kidneys. For the three cases with a history of SLE, the primary affected organs were the neuropsychiatric system, hematological system, and kidneys.Conclusions:The initial symptoms of the cases in this group primarily involved fever, neuropsychiatric, and respiratory symptoms. Hypertension and infections were common complications, and decreased PLT, proteinuria, and reduced complement levels were also significant laboratory indicators.

A method capable of retinal vessel segmentation and three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction is proposed for the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.The 3D reconstruction can avoid the misjudgments of blood vessel length,curvature and branch angle after segmentation,which will affect the early diagnosis.IAAnet algorithm for retinal image segmentation combines traditional Unet with Inception V3,atrous spatial pyramid pooling and AttentionGates to reduce information loss and avoid over-fitting,thereby improving the network's ability to extract features.The projection reconstruction method is used to restore the 3D information of blood vessels,and supports the adjustments of brightness and contrast,so that doctors can better observe the real state of blood vessels.The proposed algorithm has an accuracy,recall rate,F1 score,intersection over union and area under ROC curve of 97.68%,96.07%,97.26%,92.79%and 94.00%,respectively.Compared with other networks,IAAnet algorithm exhibits higher segmentation accuracy,and can obtain more vascular information in 3D image after 3D projection reconstruction to assist in the early diagnosis.

Objective:To explore the assessment value of liver enzyme changes before and after hepatectomy on the prognosis of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 421 patients with primary HCC who received at the First and Second Affiliated Hospitals of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2016 to December 2020.The univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with primary HCC,and the optimal cut-off value was selected to group the most valuable indicators among them,further analyzing the different factors among subgroups.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the prognosis of the subgroups,and the survival curves were plotted and statistically tested. Results:Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC)stage,tumor number,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),the quantitative change of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT)and total bilirubin(TBIL)before and after surgery were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with primary HCC(P＜0.01),and there were differences in hepatitis B virus surface antigen(HBsAg),TNM stage,BCLC stage,tumor size,tumor number,tumor differentiation degree,AFP,surgery type,intraoperative bleeding volume,postoperative albumin-bilirubin(ALBI)and white blood cell count between the high and low GGT variation groups(P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with primary HCC between the high and low GGT variation groups was significantly different,with a hazard ratio of 2.603 for mortality and 1.449 for recurrence(both P＜0.01). Conclusion:The quantitative change of GGT before and after hepatectomy has an evaluation value for the prognosis of patients with primary HCC,and the quantitative change of GGT greater than 29.5 is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with primary HCC.