功能性电刺激（FES）这一技术打开了瘫痪运动功能重建的一个广阔领域。在临床应用的推广中，对FES的基本原理和存在的问题有充分的认识，是应用成功的关键因素之一。本文分三部分阐述FES的基本概念、设计和应用。第一部分将讨论电刺激的阈值、募集顺序等概念。第二部分将介绍肌肉电刺激的安全参数范围、组织损伤，并讨论刺激器的设计。第三部分以C5/C6患者手功能重建为例，阐明功能性电刺激系统的工作原理。

This paper introduces the implementing schemes of cochlear implants, signal processing strategies and current state-of-the-art implant processors. The paper mainly discusses the key questions which would come up in designing cochlear implant system. Eventually we express our opinions about the development and further research of cochlear implants.
Algorithms ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness ; rehabilitation ; Humans ; Prosthesis Design ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

A new method in OAE's measurement by computer sound card is introduced. It is a measurement system using SF-1 detector. We designed the appropriate analog filter amplifier peripheral, utilized the mature technology of computer sound card, and recorded the OAE signal using Windows' API function programming by VB. The recorded signals can be analyzed by Matlab, such as digital filtering and Coherence average. The system is, in the main, cost-effective. The statistical results of the experiments proved the reliability of the method.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Cochlea ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials ; Hearing Tests ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; physiology ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; Sound

Functional electrical stimulation(FES) offers a vast potential for partial restoration of parlayzed movements. This three part article will review the basic concepts,system design and applications of FES. In part I,concepts such as activation threshold, recruitment order are discussed. Part Ⅱ introduces stimulation waveforme,safe parameters and tissue damage,as well as the design principle of stimulators for use with percutaneous electrodes. Part Ⅲ outlines clinical applications of FES,in particular,for restoration of hand grasp function for C5/C6 patients.

Functional electrical stimulation(FES) offers a vast potential for partial restoration of parlayzed movements. In practice,understanding on the underlying mechanism and limitations of electrical activation of nerve is essential to guide a successful deployment of FES technology to clinical utilization. Thisthree part article will review the basic concepts,system design and applications of FES. In part I,conceptssuch as activation threshold,recruitment order are discussed. Part Ⅱ introduces stimulation waveforme,safeparameters and tissue damage,as well as the design principle of stimulators for use with percutaneous electrodes. Part Ⅲ outlines clinical applications of FES,in particular,for restoration of hand grasp function forC5/C6 patients.

Recent studies have revealed temporal waveform envelope cues as a function of time having significant influence on tone recognition in continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) of cochlear implants. In this study, temporal cues of speech signal have been modulated so that to different tones have nearly the same temporal waveform envelope. The processing signal is named modulated signal. The modulated signals and original signals are processed through software emulations of cochlear-implant signal processors. The recognition score of the modulated signals and originals are compared. The result indicates that temporal cues have great influence on tone recognition, but spectral cues are the principal factor determining the identification of tones.
Acoustic Stimulation ; instrumentation ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cochlear Implants ; Cues ; Deafness ; therapy ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Pitch Perception ; physiology ; Speech Acoustics ; Speech Perception