Acidolysis kinetics on the process of the hydrolysis acidification by using glucose as the only energy sources was researched.It was concluded that the acidolysis kinetics constants are V_(max)=8.45d~(-1) and K_s=1089mg/L,under the circumstances of a temperature 37℃?0.5℃and the influent pH value 6.5.The results show that the rate of anaerobic acidification process is greater than that of completed an- aerobic or anoxic process.

The chemical investigation on Ganoderma philippii led to the isolation of sixteen compounds by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. On the basis of spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were elucidated as 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1), methyl gentisate (2), (S) -dimethyl malate (3), muurola-4, 10 (14) -dien-11beta-ol (4), dihydroepicubenol (5), 5-hydroxymethylfuran carboxaldehyde (6), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (7), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3-one (8), ergosta-7, 22E-diene-2beta, 3alpha, 9alpha-triol (9), 6/beta-methoxyergo-sta-7, 22E-dien-3beta, 5alpha-diol (10), ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22E-tetraen-3-one (11), ergosta4, 6, 8-(14), 22E-etetraen-3beta-ol (12), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (13), 7alpha-methoxy-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxyergosta-8-(14), 22E-dien-3beta-ol (14), ergosta-8, 22E-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 7alpha-tetraol (15), and ergosta-5, 23-dien-3beta-ol, acetate (16). All the compounds were obtained from this fungus for the first time, and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from the Ganoderma genus for the first time.
Ganoderma ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; isolation & purification

Bronchial Diseases ; diagnosis ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; diagnosis

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Controversy on whether patients should receive radical surgery after pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has remained since pCR patients have shown favorable long-term outcome. Progress in multidisciplinary modalities has been made, including MRI, PET/CT imaging studies, genetic expression profiling, etc. The methods of predicting pCR response are inspiring. In this article, we review the methods for prediction and prognostic effect of pCR response when patients with locally advanced rectal cancer are treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
Chemoradiotherapy ; Humans ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Rectal Neoplasms ; therapy ; Remission Induction ; Treatment Outcome

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Female ; Fluoroimmunoassay ; methods ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; analysis ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; analysis ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUNDSynovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) with higher chondrogenic potential are attracting considerable attention as a cell source for cartilage regeneration. We investigated the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) on transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF-β3)-induced chondrogenesis of SDSCs isolated from human osteoarthritic synovium in a pellet culture system.

METHODSThe clonogenicity, stem cell marker expression and multi-differentiation potential of isolated SDSCs were determined by colony forming unit assay, flow cytometry and specific staining including alizarin red S, Oil red O and alcian blue staining, respectively. SDSCs pellet was cultured in chondrogenic medium with or without TGF-β3 or/and BMP-2. At day 21, the diameter and the weight of the pellets were measured. Chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs was evaluated by Safranin O staining, immunohistochemical staining of collagen type II, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis and mRNA expression of collagen type II, aggrecan, SOX9, link-protein, collagen type X and BMP receptor II.

RESULTSCells isolated under the optimized culturing density (10(4)/60 cm(2)) showed clonogenicity and multi-differentiation potential. These cells were positive (> 99%) for CD44, CD90, CD105 and negative (< 10%) for CD34 and CD71. SDSCs differentiated to a chondrocytic phenotype in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3 with or without BMP-2. Safranin O staining of the extracellular matrix was positive and the expression of collagen type II was detected. Cell pellets treated with TGF-β3 and BMP-2 were larger in diameter and weight, produced more sGAGs, and expressed higher levels of collagen type II and other chondrogenic markers, except COL10A1, than medium with TGF-β3 alone.

CONCLUSIONSSDSCs could be isolated from human osteoarthritic synovium. Supplementation with BMP-2 significantly promoted the in vitro TGF-β3-induced chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs.

Aged ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondrogenesis ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Synovial Membrane ; cytology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta3 ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV, DAIDING) for Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine (LAM) resistance.

METHODSThis study was a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. 209 chronic hepatitis B patients with LAM resistance were randomly put in an ADV, DAIDING or a LAM group. After 24 and 48-weeks of treatment, serum HBV DNA levels were measured by quantitative PCR and liver function tests; HBV serology and safety assessments were also conducted.

RESULTSThe mean reduction of HBV DNA from baseline at 24 and 48 weeks was significantly greater in the ADV group compared with that in the LAM group (2.40 log10 vs 0.94 log10, P < 0.01; 2.71 log10 vs 1.07 log10, P < 0.01). In the ADV group, the virological response and ALT normalization at 24 and 48 weeks were significantly higher than those in the LAM group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the portion of HBeAg reduction, HBeAg seroconversion and incidence of adverse events. There was no severe adverse event related to the investigational product, DAIDING, in this trial.

CONCLUSIONDAIDING (ADV) is effective and safe for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients with LAM resistance.

Adenine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; pharmacology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphonates ; therapeutic use ; Young Adult

Physician payment system (PPS) is a principal incentive system to motivate doctors to provide excellent care for patients. During the past decade, physician remuneration in China has not been in proportional to physician's average work load and massive responsibilities. This paper reviewed the constitution of the PPS in China, and further discussed the problems and issues to be addressed with respect to pay for performance. Our study indicated that the lower basic salary and bonus distribution tied to "profits" was the major contributor to the physician's profit-driven incentive and the potential cause for the speedy growth of health expenditures. We recommend that government funding to hospitals should be increased to fully cover physicians' basic salary, a flexible human resource and talent management mechanism needs to be established that severs personal interest between physicians and hospitals, and modern performance assessment and multiplexed payment systems should be piloted to encourage physicians to get the more legitimate compensation.
China ; Models, Economic ; National Health Programs ; economics ; Physician Incentive Plans ; economics ; Physicians ; economics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; economics

Stem cell marker LIN28, related closely with SOX2 and OCT4, has been studied as a biomarker for the maintainance of pluripotent cells in several malignancies. Our previous study showed that SOX2 and OCT4 were negative predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the predictive value of LIN28 in HCC outcome is still undetermined. We hypothesized that LIN28 may also play a role as a biomarker for HCC. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of LIN28 in 129 radically resected HCC tissues using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and analyzed the association of LIN28 expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis. Our study showed that LIN28 was expressed at a higher frequency in tumor tissues than in non-HCC tissues (45.0% vs. 21.7%, P = 0.020). Moreover, LIN28 expression was significantly increased in cases with large tumor size (P = 0.010). Univariate analysis did not reveal a significant correlation between LIN28 expression and overall survival or recurrence-free survival. For HCC patients who met the Milan criteria, stratified analysis revealed shorter overall survival (P = 0.007) and recurrence-free survival (P < 0.001) in those with detectable LIN28 expression compared to those with no detectable LIN28 expression. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that LIN28 was a negative independent predictor for both overall survival (hazard ratio= 7.093, P = 0.017) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio=5.518, P = 0.004) in patients who met the Milan criteria. Taken together, our results suggest that LIN28 identifies low-risk and high-risk subsets of HCC patients meeting the Milan criteria who undergo hepatectomy.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Staging ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden

Objective To find out the status of brick-tea type fluorosis in the epidemic areas.Methods Based on "Scheme for Epidemiological Brick-tea Type Fluorosis in Sichuan Province",ten counties were selected in Sichuan brick-tea areas and ten towns were selected in every county,then the epidemicologic survey was performed in children of 8～12 year-old and adults aged above 20 years old.Results 5044 children and 4053 adults were selected from brick-tea areas.The rates of dental fluorosis in children and adults were 55.69%(2809/5044)and 60.41%(4053/6709)respectively.The dental fluorosis was mainly of mild damage.The skeletal fluorosis found in X-ray film was 44.64%(167/1241)and in clinical examination,38.94%(3883/9973).The levels of urine fluoride in children and adults were 1.88 and 2.78 mg/L.The level of urine fluoride was not differenet among children of different age,but in adults it was higher in the elder than the younger.The level of fluoride in urine was related to the severeness of skeletal fluorosis(r=0.74).The detective rates of skeletal fluorosis in agricuIture,pasturing,and agriculture-pasturing areaswere 31.70%(1369/4318),50.04%(1228/2454),and 40.17%(1286/3201),respectively.The X-ray detecting rates of skeletal fluorosis in men and wonlen were 49.57%(229/462)and 41.72%(325/779) respectively(χ2=11.72,P＜0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of brick-tea type fluorosis is very serious in the regions studied.