Two regression models, based on panel data over the period of 2000-2011, are built and used to analyze what factors determine China's exports of primary and semi-finished products of traditional Chinese medicine to ASEAN. The results indicate that, China GDP, the ratio of ASEAN to China GDP per capita, average export price, the ratio of state-owned assets to total assets, have a significant positive influence on the export volumes of primary products of Chinese medicine. At the same time, RMB appreciation, the ratio of three kinds of foreign-invested assets to total assets, China-ASEAN Early Harvest Program, ASEAN-China Free Trade Area have a significant negative influence. In respect of the export volumes of semi-finished products of Chinese medicine, the significant influential factors are ASEAN GDP and the ratio of ASEAN to China GDP per capita. The former is positive and the latter is negative. In order to optimize the commodity composition of experts, it is needed to increase export volumes of both primary and semi-finished products of Chinese medicine. According to the analysis above, some proposals are put forward, such as, improving the performance of foreign capital, playing an exemplary and leading role in technological innovation by state-owned enterprises, taking advantage of bargaining power of suppliers, increasing outward foreign direct investment.
China ; Commerce ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; economics ; Europe, Eastern ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Quality Control

Using brain microdialysis and LC-MS/MS to detect acetylcholine in rat brain to investigate the effects of ligustrazine. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of acetylcholine in rat brain dialysate sampling by microdialysis. The results indicated that ligustrazine administration by subcutaneous injection significantly increased Ach release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in a dose-related manner. The drug' s effect on Ach release in rat brain could be directly detected by microdialysis combined with HPLC-MS/MS and this method is selective and sensitive.
Acetylcholine ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Male ; Microdialysis ; Nucleus Accumbens ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Prefrontal Cortex ; metabolism ; Pyrazines ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

AIMTo study the pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rats after oral administration of a single dose of Suanzaoren decoction.

METHODSAn HPLC method was established using puerain as internal standard. Plasma samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile-acetic acid (9:1), followed by evaporation of the acetonitrile to dryness. The resultant residue was then dissolved in mobile phase and HPLC separation was achieved on a Hypersil C18 (200 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5 microm) column at room temperature. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water (12:88) with 1% acetic acid and 1% tetrahydrofuran at a flow rate of 0.7 mL x min(-1). The UV detection wavelength was set at 320 nm.

RESULTSThe calibration curve was shown to be linear over the range from 0.536 to 26.8 microg x mL(-1) (r2 > or = 0.995). Mean recovery was determined as 92.7%. Within-day and between-day precisions were less than 9. 1% RSD. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.536 microg x mL(-1). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and the apparent elimination half-life (T1/2) were (10.5 +/- 2.2) microg x mL(-1), (5.8 +/- 0.4) h and (5.0 +/- 0.3) h, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe validated HPLC method developed has been applied to take a limited view of pharmacokinetics profile of mangiferin in rat plasma after having orally taken a single dose of Suanzaoren decoction.

Administration, Oral ; Anemarrhena ; chemistry ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Female ; Male ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Ziziphus ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo provide application and identification basis for Panax notoginseng by constructing the HPLC-FP of Panax Notoginsing.

METHODThe luna C18(2) column was used with a mobile phase of (A) acetonitrile-(B) 0.05% phosphoric acid gradient elution, 0-8 min (20% A, 80% B), 8-20 min (20% A-40% A, 80% B-60% B), 20-30 min(40% A-20% A, 60% B-80% B), 30-36 min(20% A-100% A, 80% B-0), 36-50 min(100% A), 50-65 min (100% A-20% A, 0-80% B). The flow rate was 1.0 ml.min-1. The wavelength of detecter was set at 203 nm. Caffeine was internal standard.

RESULTBy Cluster Analysis, the twenty-one notoginseng samples were classified as four clusters: the superior in producing area, the ordinary in producing area, the ordinary and the inferior. By Similarty Calculation, the similarity of the twenty-one notoginseng samples were 0.9-1.0, and the similarity of the eight common falses are less than 0.9.

CONCLUSIONThe HPLC-FP of notoginseng has been established. The method can be used to identify and evaluate the quality of notoginseng.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Contamination ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo develop a RP-HPLC method for the determination of the content of macrozamin in Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Japonicae.

METHODA Century C18 AQ column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used with the mobile phase consisted of water (4:96). The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 215 nm, and the column temperature was 35 degrees C.

RESULTThe calibration curve was linear (r = 0.999 8) in the range of 19.12 - 382.4 microg x mL(-1) for macrozamin, the average recovery of the method was 99.5%, with RSD 2.1% (n = 9).

CONCLUSIONThis method can be used for the quality study of Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Japonicae.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Liliaceae ; chemistry ; Methylazoxymethanol Acetate ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhizome ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo determine Ligustilide in volatile oil from Ligustrcum chuanxiong with RP-HPLC.

METHODODS2 column (4.6 mm x 200 mm, 5 microm) was used and nitrendipine was used as internal standard. The mobil phase consisted methanol, acetontrile and water (33:21:46). The ligustilide was at 275 nm.

RESULTThe linear range was 2.92-29.2 mg x L(-1) for ligustilide. The average recovery of ligustilide was 95.1% and RSD was 2.3%.

CONCLUSIONThis method is simple and can be used to determine ligustilide with satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility.

4-Butyrolactone ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry

The progress in research on the active ingredients of Sambucus Chinensis and pharmacological activities was reviewed. It is important to study the chemical constituents and phamacological activities of Sambucus chinensis.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Flavones ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lignans ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sambucus ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEAn RP-HPLC procedure was established for the determination of danshensu and protocatechuic aldehyde in Guanxinning injection powder.

METHODAn RP-HPLC analytical procedure was developed using Hypersil ODS2 C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with methanol-0.5% glaceal acetic acid (4.5:95.5) as mobile phase, and a wavelength of 280 nm for UV detection.

RESULTThe linear range was 3.004-45.06 microg x m(L-1) (r = 0.999 5, n = 6) for danshensu, and 0.300-4.509 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 3, n = 6) for protocatechuic aldehyde. The average recoveries were 99.1% and 97.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method was stable, accurate, and reproducible, and can be used for the quality control of Guanxinning injection powder.

Benzaldehydes ; analysis ; Catechols ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Injections ; Lactates ; analysis ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Powders ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

AIMTo study the pharmacokinetics of spinosin in rat plasma after oral administration of Suanzaoren extract using sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) as internal standard by RP-HPLC method.

METHODSPlasma samples were deproteined with acetonitrile, followed by evaporation of the acetonitrile to dryness. The residual was then resolved in mobile phase and HPLC separation was achieved on a Hypersil C18 (5 microns, 200 mm x 4.6 mm ID) column at 35 degrees C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (15:85:1) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL.min-1. The UV detection wavelength was set at 334 nm.

RESULTSThe calibration curve was shown to be linear over the range from 18.1 to 903.5 micrograms.L-1 (r2 > or = 0.995). Mean recovery was 94.5%. Within-day and between-day precisions RSD were less than 9.0%. The limit of quantitation was 18.1 micrograms.L-1. The plasma spinosin was stable at -20 degrees C.

CONCLUSIONThe simple, sensitive and accurate HPLC method developed has been applied to determine the pharmacokinetics of spinosin in rat plasma after having taken Suanzaoren extract at a single dose.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Flavonoids ; blood ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Ziziphus ; chemistry

AIMTo establish the method of HPLC-fingerprint analysis for the quality control of Dalbergia odorifera and identify its main constituents by HPLC-MS.

METHODSThe 37 hatches of samples were analyzed on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile and 0.3% aqueous acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1) and detected at 275 nm. Furthermore, the typical samples were detected by HPLC-DAD-MS under negative ion mode.

RESULTS37 batches of D. odorifera samples were classified into three types based on the results of similarity analysis. According to the comparison of the tR, MS data and UV maximum absorbance (gamma(max)) values with the standards, 10, 7 and 2 phenolic components were identified in three types of D. odorifera extracts, separately.

CONCLUSIONThe method is repeatable and reliable, and it is capable of effectively controlling the quality of D. odorifera.

Benzopyrans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Chromones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Dalbergia ; chemistry ; Flavanones ; isolation & purification ; Isoflavones ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization