2.The ambitious but achievable goal: to end preventable childhood deaths due to pneumonia by 2025.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2014;16(10):967-969
Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality. Pneumonia is the second killer of children less than 5 years of age in China. The World Heath Organization and United Nations Children′s Fund launched the integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD) in 2013. The ambitious goal is to end preventable childhood deaths due to pneumonia by 2025. Countries or regions should achieve the following goals: (1) reduce mortality from pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age to fewer than 3 per 1 000 live births; (2) reduce the incidence of severe pneumonia by 75% in children less than 5 years of age compared to 2010 levels. If the implementation of key interventions is accelerated, the mortality rate of childhood pneumonia will drop substantially every year, which makes the goal achievable.
Child Mortality
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trends
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Child, Preschool
;
China
;
epidemiology
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Humans
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Infant
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Infant, Newborn
;
Pneumonia
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mortality
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Time Factors
3.Common pediatric infectious diseases following natural disasters.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2013;15(6):435-439
Natural disasters may lead to the outbreaks of infectious diseases because they increase the risk factors for infectious diseases. This paper reviews the risk factors for infectious diseases after natural disasters, especially earthquake, and the infectious diseases following disasters reported in recent years. The infectious diseases after earthquake include diarrhea, cholera, viral hepatitis, upper respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, measles, leptospirosis, dengue fever, tetanus, and gas gangrene, as well as some rare infections. Children are vulnerable to infectious diseases, so pediatricians should pay more attention to the research on relationship between infectious diseases and natural disasters.
Child
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Communicable Diseases
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etiology
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Diarrhea
;
etiology
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Disasters
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Earthquakes
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Humans
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Respiratory Tract Infections
;
etiology
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Wounds and Injuries
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complications
4.A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) avian influenza: the H7N9 avian influenza outbreak of 2013.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2013;15(6):401-404
influenza virus can infect humans and cause disease. The clinical presentation of human infection is usually mild, but the infection caused by A(H5N1) avian influenza virus occurring initially in Hongkong in 1997 or the A(H7N9) virus isolated first at the beginning of this year in China is severe and characterized by high mortality. The mortality rate of adolescents and children caused by H5N1 avian influenza is lower than that of adults and the younger the child the lower the mortality rate. A few pediatric H7N9 avian influenza cases recovered soon after treatment. A child was determined to be a H7N9 avian influenza virus carrier. These findings suggested that the pediatric H7N9 avian influenza infection was mild. It is very important to start anti-virus treatment with oseltamivir as early as possible in cases of avian influenza infection is considered. Combined therapy, including respiratory and circulatory support and inhibiting immunological reaction, is emphasized in the treatment of severe cases.
Animals
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Birds
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virology
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China
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epidemiology
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Disease Outbreaks
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Humans
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Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
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Influenza in Birds
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virology
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Influenza, Human
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diagnosis
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drug therapy
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epidemiology
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virology
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Time Factors
5.The role of arecoline on hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats.
Hong-Yan LING ; Qi-Xin YAO ; Zhu-Qing QI ; Si-Si YANG ; Jian-Qin HE ; Kai-Fang ZHANG ; Bi HU
Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology 2014;30(3):208-212
OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of arecoline on hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats and to elucidate its possible mechanism.
METHODSForty five Wistar rats were fed with high fructose diet for 12 weeks to induce type 2 diabetic rat model. rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8): control group, model group and model group were treated with different dose (0, 0.5, 1, 5 mg/kg) of arecoline. After 4 weeks, the fasting blood glucose, blood lipid and insulin level measured , mRNA expression of liver constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the protein expression of p-AKT and glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS1.5 mg/kg arecoline could significantly decrease the level of fasting blood glucose, blood lipid, blood insulin level and liver G6Pase, PEPCK, IL-6, TNF-alpha mRNA level in type 2 diabetes rats. 1.5 mg/kg arecoline also could significantly increase CAR, PXR mRNA level and p-AKT and GLUT4 protein expression.
CONCLUSIONArecoline improved hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats by increasing the mRNA levels of CAR and PXR leading to the creased glucose metabolism and inflammation related genes expression.
Animals ; Arecoline ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; Glucose Transporter Type 4 ; metabolism ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; metabolism ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism
6.Pertussis diagnosis: the limitation of the currently used criteria and the suggestion of Global Pertussis Initiative.
Kai-Hu YAO ; Ji-Kui DENG ; Rexiati DAWUTI
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2016;18(9):891-896
It has been recognized that pertussis is a disease that affects all age groups. There are obvious limitations in the currently used diagnostic criteria with "one-size-fits-all" definition, which is not advantageous to start individual treatment and perform strategies for preventing the transmission. Therefore, the expert group of Global Pertussis Initiative gives a suggestion for the diagnosis of pertussis. Based on the related published studies, the present article analyzes the limitations of the current criteria, and introduces the GPI's suggestion in detail.
Humans
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Practice Guidelines as Topic
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Whooping Cough
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diagnosis
7.Effects of sympathectomy on the blood pressure of young Wistar rats fed with high-sucrose diet.
Kai-hu YAO ; Yong-ru QIAN ; Zhi-ming ZHU
Chinese Journal of Pediatrics 2003;41(3):219-222
OBJECTIVEDiet is an important factor influencing blood pressure and, increases in dietary carbohydrate intake can raise blood pressure in adult rats. A previous study showed that the blood pressure of the rats fed with high-carbohydrate was 5-20 mmHg higher than that of control rats. While the mechanism involved is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-sucrose intake on blood pressure of young Wistar rats and the role that sympathetic nerve system in the process.
METHODSMale neonatal Wistar rats were performed sympathectomy operation with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and then divided into four groups: (1) 0.1% VitC saline-common diet group (VN), (2) 0.1% VitC saline-high sucrose (VS), (3) 6-OHDA-common diet group (OHN) and (4) 6-OHDA-high sucrose (OHS) after three week. The data on the body weight (BW), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Then the level of blood glucose, serum insulin and angiotensin II (AngII) were measured and the functional studies of the thoracic aorta was performed.
RESULTSThe VS group exhibited higher SBP than the OHS group from the 6th week (113.7 +/- 4.2 mmHg vs. 104.0 +/- 5.8 mmHg, P < 0.01) and the VN group from the 7th week (117.6 +/- 6.3 mmHg vs. 109.6 +/- 4.6 mmHg, P < 0.01), while the SBP of the VN group was similar to those of the OHN group and the OHS group (P > 0.05). No significant differences in blood glucose, serum insulin and insulin sensitive index (ISI) were found among the four groups. The thoracic aorta segments of the VS group had higher contractive response to AngII (P < 0.01) and NE (P < 0.05) than the VN group, but the relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroglycerine (NTG) showed no difference among the four groups (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONThe high-sucrose diet might elevate the blood pressure in young Wistar rats and the sympathetic system may play an important role in this process.
Angiotensin II ; blood ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; physiology ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Dietary Sucrose ; administration & dosage ; Insulin ; blood ; Male ; Oxidopamine ; administration & dosage ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sympathectomy
8.Epidemiological and clinical features of vaccine-preventable diseases in vaccine era.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2019;21(3):195-198
In countries and regions with high vaccination coverage, several vaccine-preventable diseases have been resurged in recent years, such as measles, varicella, pertussis and mumps. Some studies have found that the clinical manifestation and epidemiological characteristics of these diseases were different from those in pre-vaccine era. This article reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of vaccine-preventable diseases before and after wide immunization implementation, focusing on the situation in China, in order to attract the attention of clinicians, raise awareness, strengthen prevention and control, and promote in-depth research for these diseases.
Chickenpox
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China
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Humans
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Measles
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Mumps
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Vaccination
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Vaccines
9. Protective effect of Sarcandra glabra on radiation-induced parotid injury in rats
Yidan YAO ; Tingting ZHANG ; Kai HU ; Rensheng WANG
Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection 2020;40(1):11-18
Objective:
To study the changes of inflammatory response and apoptosis in parotid gland tissues of rats after X-ray irradiation, and to explore the protective effect and possible mechanism of
10.Cluster analysis applied in the epidemiological stratification analysis.
Ji-kai ZHANG ; Yi-ling HU ; Chao-feng HU ; Yao-xing LUO ; Wei-sheng LIN ; Chi-peng WU
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2003;24(7):615-617
OBJECTIVETo establish a new method on stratification analysis when the stratification limits of confounding factors was not clear or contradictory.
METHODData on a study of diabetes mellitus in Guangdong province collected in the year of 1997 and 1998 was analyzed using cluster-stratification analysis.
RESULTSThe efficiency of stratification analysis was improved and the confounding bias was effectively controlled with information bias avoided when the clusters-stratification analysis was applied.
CONCLUSIONThe problem was logically solved using cluster analysis as an assistant stratification means.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Bias ; China ; epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors