Objective To investigate the expressions of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) in brain hippocampus of rat with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanism of brain damage resulted from chronic fluorosis.Methods Sixty clean grade SD rats were randomly divided to three groups(20 rats in each group,10 female and 10 male) fed with different contents of fluoride,control group with normal tap-water(＜ 0.5 mg/L fluoride),small dosage of fluoride exposure group(10 mg/L fluoride in tap-water) and large dosage of fluoride exposure group(50 mg/L fluoride) for six months.Then the rats were killed by femoral artery bleeding and hippocampus was removed.Protein and mRNA levels of RAGE and NF-κB in the hippocampus were determined by Western blotting and quantitative real time PCR,respectively.Results As compared to the control groups[(100.00 ± 2.60)％,(100.00 ± 7.80)％],the expressions of RAGE and NF-κB at protein level in the hippocampus were significantly increased in the small dosage of fluoride exposure groups [(205.00 ± 15.30)％,(156.00 ± 12.20)％] and the large dosage of fluoride exposure groups[(232.00 ± 10.90)％,(162.00 ± 9.80)％,all P ＜ 0.05]; for the mRNA level of RAGE and NF-κB,the expressions were higher in the small dosage of fluoride exposure groups(1.27 ± 0.09,0.83 ± 0.15) and the large dosage of fluoride exposure groups (2.60 ± 0.19,1.27 ± 0.19) than those of the control groups(0.66 ± 0.18,0.32 ± 0.08,all P＜ 0.05).Conclusions The increased expressions of RAGE and NF-κB in the hippocampus of rat brain are caused by chronic fluorosis,and these changes may be associated with the mechanism of nerve injury.

Objective Aim of the study is to investigate the expression of syndecan-4 and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) in the kidney of rat with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanism of kidney damage resulted from the toxicity of excessive amount of fluoride.Methods According to body mass and sex,sixty SD rats were randomly divided to three groups according to body mass and fed with different contents of fluoride:control group with normal tap-water(＜ 0.5 mg/L fluoride),small dosage of fluoride exposure group (adding 10 mg/L fluoride in tap-water) and large dosage of fluoride exposure group (50 mg/L fluoride) for six months.The protein level of syndecan-4 and NF-κB in the kidney was detected by Western blotting and syndecan-4 mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR.Results As compared to the control group[(100.0 + 8.1)％],the expression of syndecan-4 at protein level in the kidney of rat was significantly increased in the small dosage of fluoride exposure group [(198.5 + 5.6)％,P ＜ 0.05] and large dosage of fluoride exposure group [(209.2 + 13.0)％,P ＜ 0.05]; the protein levels of NF-κB in the small dosage of fluoride exposure group[(284.4 + 11.1)％,P ＜ 0.05] and in the large dosage of fluoride exposure group[(343.2 + 2.9)％,P ＜ 0.05] were significantly increased than that of the control group[(100.0 ± 10.7)％].The mRNA levels of syndecan-4 in the kidney in the small dosage of fluoride exposure group and large dosage of fluoride exposure group(0.431 + 0.058 and 0.453 ± 0.065,both P ＜ 0.05,respectively) were significantly increased than that of the control(0.128 + 0.026).Conclusions The increased expression of NF-κB in the kidney is induced by increased expression of syndecan-4,which may be involved in kidney damage of chronic fluorosis.

Objective To explore the protective effects of mycelial polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis (MPCS) on BCG+LPS-induced liver injury in mice. Methods The immunological liver injury mice model was reproduced by giving bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sixty NIH mice were randomly assigned into 6 groups (10 each): normal control group, model group, mycelium polysaccharide in high (100mg/kg), medium (50mg/kg) and low (25mg/kg) dose group, and bifendate (150mg/kg) treatment group. The serum transaminase levels of alanine ALT and AST were assayed with ELISA, nitric oxide (NO) in serum was measured by nitrate reductase method, and the liver homogenate was prepared for the determination of the contents of interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and iNOS in hepatic tissue were assessed using RT-PCR. Results In the mice of immunological liver injury, mycelial polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis obviously lowered the serum ALT and AST levels (P<0.01), high dose MPCS significantly reduced the serum NO and liver tissue IL-1β and TNF-α levels (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, high and medium dose MPCS significantly reduced the expression levels of IL-6 and iNOS mRNA in hepatic tissues (P<0.01). Conclusion MPCS shows a certain protective effect on immunological liver injury induced by BCG plus LPS in mice.

Objective To observe the effect of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in mice with dysbacteriosis induced by antibiotics. Methods Forty-eight healthy SPF BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the normal control group (normal drink), the dysbacteriosis model group (induced by oral administration of 0.5 g/L ceftriaxone sodium), the natural recovery group (oral sterile water to replace antibiotic after reproduction of dysbacteriosis), and Cordyceps sinensis mycelium treatment group (treated by intragastric administration of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium). The feces were collected without contamination, and the change in intestinal bacterial number was observed with the plate dilution method. The volatile fatty acid was detected by chromatography. The serum VIP and SP contents were assayed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the normal control group, the numbers of probiotics, volatile fatty acids and serum VIP significantly decreased in the model group, while the serum SP markedly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the natural recovery group, the bacteria number, the quantities of volatile fatty acids and serum VIP significantly increased after the Cordyceps sinensis mycelium treatment, while the serum SP significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion Cordyceps sinensis mycelium may effectively adjust the proportion of the probiotics in the mice with dysbacteriosis, and the mechanism is apparently related to alteration in the VIP and SP.

Objective To report the clinical effect of free transplanting for soft tissue defects pedieled with high site cutaneous branches of the transverse branch of lateral cirumflex femoral artery.Methods Cu- taneous branches of the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery were found small or abscent in 7 patients.The anterolateral femoral skin flap was pedicled with high site cutaneous branches of the transverse branch to repair the soft tissue defects of the arm,hand,leg and foot,rather than with the descending ones. The size of the flap ranged from 15 cm?6 cm to 28 cm?13 cm,with part muscle valve,iliotibal tract and lat- eral femoral cutaneous nerve.The fractures were performed with internal or external fixation.Results All of the anterolateral femoral skin flap survived well postoperatively in the 7 cases and had good appearance and sensation at one stage.The function of the repaired extremities recovered well.Conclusion The anterolat- eral femoral skin flap pedicled with high site cutaneous branches of the transuvrse branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery has many advantages of good blood supply and large size.The flap was secluding,and can be taken with some muscle and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.When cutaneous branches of the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery is small or abscent,the anterolateral femoral skin flap with high site cutaneous branches of the transverse branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery is an optimal alternative.

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the cerebral cortex of rat with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanisms of damaged nervous system resulted from the toxicity of fluoride.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups.The rats in each group were given drinking water containing different levels of fluoride:control group less than 0.5 mg/L,small amount of fluoride exposure group 10.0 mg/L and large amount of fluoride exposure group 50.0 mg/L.The animals were examined at the sixth month after initiating the experiment.Protein levels of P-gp and NF-κB in brain tissues were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting,and the P-gp protein and mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR method.Results As compared to the control group(28.21 ±6.13),the numbers of positive staining cells by P-gp antibody in the cortex of rat brains were significantly increased in both the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(48.46 ± 8.00),(53.72 ± 9.15),respectively,all P ＜ 0.05] ; the protein levels in the control group(100.00 ± 3.86)％ detected by Western blotting were significantly increased in the cortex of rat brains treated with fluoride in both the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(189.47 ± 3.14)％,(191.36 ± 11.09)％,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05].The significantly increased expression of NF-κB at the protein level was observed in the cortex of rat brains of the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(365.97 ± 6.04)％ and (417.15 ± 10.89)％,respectively] as compared with the control group[(100.00 ± 10.07)％,all P ＜ 0.05].The mRMA level of P-gp in the cortex of rat brains of the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups(2396 ± 427,3479 ± 371,respectively) were higher than that of the control group(260 ± 106,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The increased expressions of P-gp and NF-κB in the cortex of rat brains are induced by chronic fluorosis,which might be connected with the mechanism of brain damages.

Objective To investigate the changes of reactive oxygen species(ROS) level and mitochondria fission-fusion-balance in cortical neurons of rats with chronic fluorosis and reveal the correlation between these two factors. Methods One hundred and twenty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(control group, low-dose fluorosis group, high-dose fluorosis group) and 40 rats were in each group according to body weight and the experiments were carried out for 3 months or 6 months. The rats were fed with different concentrations of fluoride (NaF) to establish fluorosis models. Controls were fed with tap water( < 0.5 mg/L), experimental animals in low- or high-dose group were fed with water containing NaF 10.0,50.0 mg/L, respectively. The level of ROS and the morphology in mitochondria fission-fusion balance in neurons of the cortex of rat brains prepared with cortical frozen sections were detected with ROS fluorescent probe and MitoTracker RED probe, respectively. Results Significant differences of the level of ROS and the numbers of abnormal mitochondria in morphology in the cortical neurons were found between 3 groups at the experiment period of 3 month and 6 month(F= 3.07,3.06,3.05,3.07, all P < 0.05). As compared with control group(10.43 ± 5.98,4.12 ± 3.86) at the experiment period of 3 month, the level of ROS and the numbers of abnormal mitochondria in morphology in the cortical neurons were obviously increased in high-dose fluorosis group(25.48 ± 6.09,20.47 ± 6.09, all P < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were found in low-dose fluorosis group(11.67 ± 3.49,6.68 ± 3.48, all P> 0.05). Furthermore, the increases in both ROS level and abnormal numbers of mitochondria were significant observed in the cortical neurons of low-dose fluorosis group (63.02 ± 8.15, 49.33 ± 8.61) and high-dose fluorosis group(65.60 ± 7.40,53.10 ± 6.95) as compared with the control group (25.26 ± 6.41,20.26 ± 6.41) at the experimental period of 6 month (all P < 0.05). The abnormal numbers of mitochondria correlated with ROS level(r = 0.93,0.81, all P < 0.05). Conclusions Taking excessive amount of fluoride results in high level of oxidative stress and impaired the balance of mitochondrial fission-fusion,which is dependent on the feeding times and doses of fluoride. The mechanism of the mitochondrial abnormalities might be associated with the high level of oxidative stress induced by chronic fluorosis.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of double support plate via posteromedial approach in the treat?ment of tibial plateau fracture of posterior column. Methods A total of 21 cases of tibial plateau fracture in closed posterior column with an average age of 34.6 (range, 21 to 56) years old were treated using double support plate through posteromedial approach from January in 2010 to January in 2013(16 males and 5 females). Among all, 4 cases were combined with lateral column fracture and 17 cases were three column fracture. Wound healings were observed after operation. X-ray examina?tions were performed at 2 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months and 12 months after operation as well as at last follow up. The averaged healing time was calculated. Changes of tibial plateau angle and posterior slope angle were compared between time points at 2 weeks after operation and at last follow up. Rasmussen knee score criteria was employed to assess knee joint recovery. Results The mean follow-up was (18.2 ± 1.8) months. No infection was reported. The average fracture healing time was 3.8(3.8±0.6)months. There was no significant difference between tibia plateau angle and posterior slope angle be?tween time points at 2 weeks after operation and at last follow-up (P<0.05). According to Rasmussen knee score criteria at last follow-up, 13 cases were graded as excellent, 6 cases as good, and 2 case as fair, with an excellent and good rate of 90.5%. Conclusion With posteromedial approach, the fractures of medial column, posteromedial and posterolateral of pos?terial column can be exposed well. Using double support plates to fix posteromedial and posterolateral of posterior column fracture can effectively prevent loss of reduction and the function of knee recovered well postoperatively.

Conjunctiva goblet cells are spread out within a stratified epithelium, and keep ocular surface homeostasis by secreting mucin.Previous research has shown conjunctiva goblet cells can secret mucin, remove debris and modulate ocular surface immune function.In this review, we will focus on biological characteristics of conjunctiva goblet cells and the effect of key factors SAM pointed domain Ets factor(SPDEF) on differentiation and function of conjunctiva goblet cells, and further understand relationship between goblet cells and eye health.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin extract (PRFe) on proliferation and differentiation and F-actin cytoskeleton of osteoblasts.

METHODSThe experimental group used the α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM) containing PRFe (10% fetal bovine serum), and the control group used the α-MEM (10% fetal bovine serum). The number of the osteoblasts at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the differentiation of osteoblast at 1st, 3rd, 5th,7 th d detected by the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP).The alizarin red dye was used to observe the number of calcium nodus at 14th, 21st d. The F-actin cytoskeleton was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) at 3rd,6th,9th,12th h. The level of osteogenetic biomarkers osteocalcin (OCN) and core-binding factor α1(Cbfα1) at 3rd,7th d were quantified by real-time PCR.

RESULTSA significant increase of absorbance at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was showed in experimental group (0.336 ± 0.011, 0.571 ± 0.039, 0.787 ± 0.050) compared to control group (0.300 ± 0.021, 0.387 ± 0.040, 0.527 ± 0.034) (P < 0.05). The absorbance of experimental group at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th d (0.146 ± 0.014, 0.199 ± 0.017, 0.390 ± 0.020, 0.492 ± 0.019) was significantly higher than that of control group (0.115 ± 0.014, 0.145 ± 0.015, 0.190 ± 0.015, 0.230 ± 0.026) (P < 0.05). The integrated absorbance of the calcium nodus in experimental group at 14th, 21st d (22.119 ± 3.694, 31.528 ± 3.162) was significantly higher than in control group (8.498 ± 2.041, 15.162 ± 2.526) (P < 0.05). The Cbfα1 and OCN gene expression in experimental group was higher than in control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPRFe could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the spread of F-actin cytoskeleton.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ; metabolism ; Cytoskeleton ; drug effects ; Fibrin ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; Osteocalcin ; metabolism ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley